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PFM: Biweekly Exam 2 > Sosnowski Cellular Injury and Cancer > Flashcards

Sosnowski Cellular Injury and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

this specific type of receptor has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity

A

growth factors

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2
Q

specific growth promoting genes

A

FOS, JUN, MYC

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3
Q

growth promoting gatekeeper gene, produces oncogenes

A

proto-oncogenes

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4
Q

growth-inhibiting gatekeeper gene

A

tumor suppressor gene

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5
Q

examples of tumor suppressor genes

A

Rb (retinoblastoma), p53, BRCA1 and 2

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6
Q

gatekeeper genes that are programmed for genetic cell death

A

genes involved w/ apoptosis

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7
Q

example of genes involved in apoptosis

A

BCL-2 and p53

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8
Q

these genes maintain homeostasis of cell

A

gatekeeper/house keeping genes

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9
Q

only housekeeping gene not found in nucleus, but rather mitochondria

A

BCL-2

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10
Q

majority of our cells are stuck in what phase of cell cycle

A

interphase (G0)

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11
Q

what controls the cell cycle

A

cyclins, CDKs

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12
Q

what specific cyclin controls on/off switch of retinoblastoma protein

A

Cyclin D

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13
Q

cell cycle is turned off when RB is hyper or hypo- phosphorylated

A

hypophosphorylated

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14
Q

cell cycle is turned on when RB is what

A

hyperphosphorylated

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15
Q

an increase in the number of cells in a tissue

A

hyperplasia

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16
Q

examples of hyperplasia in the body (specific organs)

A

liver and skin and smooth m.

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17
Q

difference b/t arterioles and venules

A

venules have bigger diameter

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18
Q

an increase in the size of the cell, not in number of cells

A

hypertrophy

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19
Q

hypertrophy capable tissues

A

muscle, breast, liver, bladder, uterus, kidney

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20
Q

what experiences both hyperplasia and hypertrophy during pregnancy

A

uterus

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21
Q

a reversible change from one tissue to another normal tissue to better cope w/ the extra cellular environment

A

metaplasia

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22
Q

most common type of metaplasia

A

columnar to squamous and vice versa

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23
Q

where does metaplasia likely happen

A

esophagus (Barrett’s esophagus) and cervix

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24
Q

2 main HPV types that cause cervical cancer

A

HPV 16 and 18

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25
Q

dysplasia in the cervix

A

HPV

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26
Q

2 proteins made from HPV that are associated with cervical cancer

A

E6 and E7

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27
Q

this protein made from HPV inhibits p53

A

E6

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28
Q

this protein made from HPV inhibits Rb

A

E7

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29
Q

fat storage disease (ex. fatty liver)

A

steatosis

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30
Q

storage disease caused by enzyme deficiency and buildup of substrate

A

lysosomal storage disease

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31
Q

macrophages that store iron, accumulation of indigestible materials

A

siderophages

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32
Q

cancer confined to an epithelium restricted in growth by basement membrane (disordered growth)

A

dysplasia

33
Q

ex of dysplasia in the colon

A

colon polyp

34
Q

decrease in tissue size

A

atrophy

35
Q

this pathway is upregulated during atrophy

A

ubiquitin-protease pathway

36
Q

ex. of brain atrophy

A

Alzheimer’s (dementia)

37
Q

this leads to irreversible cell membrane rupture

A

necrosis

38
Q

procaspase 8 to caspase 8 to apoptosis

A

cell membrane receptor triggered apoptosis

39
Q

cytochrome c in the mitochondria becomes destructive and in turn activates Bax and BCL-2, which activates Apaf-1 then procaspase 9 to caspase 9 then apoptosis

A

cell damage triggered apoptosis

40
Q

leads to mitochondrial damage

A

cytochrome c

41
Q

p53 up-regulation of Bax, Bad, and Bak on mitochondrial membrane which activates Apaf-1 then procaspase 9 to caspase 9 then apoptosis

A

p53 initiated apoptosis (DNA Damaged apoptosis)

42
Q

removes parts in cell form (apoptotic body) then macrophage binds and quickly removes w/ little inflammation

A

apoptosis

43
Q

red and dead

A

necrosis

44
Q

nucleosomes chop up DNA methodically

A

apoptosis

45
Q

1st line of defense that happens at 24 hours

A

neutrophils (coagulative necrosis)

46
Q

defense that happens at 48 hours

A

macrophages

47
Q

defense that happens at 7 days and can last for weeks

A

granulation

48
Q

what stain do you use to see fibrosis

A

trichrome

49
Q

these look like cat paw prints on histologic slide at a high magnification

A

neutrophils

50
Q

cancer that arises from connective tissue (ex. bone, muscle, nerves)

A

sarcoma

51
Q

benign glandular tumor

A

adenoma

52
Q

cancer that arises from epithelium

A

carcinoma

53
Q

stains for abnormal and normal melanocytes (used to stain for melanoma-will stain brown)

A

HMB45; (Melan A)

54
Q

mercedes benz sign on histologic slide meaning

A

mitotic body

55
Q

what is most likely happening when you see mitotic bodies on a stained slide

A

cell division and proliferation

56
Q

passage of cells through bloods vessels (think neutrophils accompanying inflammation)

A

diapedesis

57
Q

new and abnormal growth of tissue

A

neoplasm

58
Q

precancerous and restricted to basement membrane

A

dysplasia

59
Q

dysplasia can lead to what if not removed or treated

A

neoplasia (cancer)

60
Q

uncontrolled growth due to genetic mutations allowing cells to divide without genetic control, recruit blood vessels into new growth, invade locally w/in tissues w/ tissue destruction (necrosis) and spread to distant organs (metastasis)

A

cancer (and tumor)

61
Q

neoplastic cells are darkly stained nuclei (blue) and cytoplasm (red) w/ H and E stain

A

hyperchromatic

62
Q

neoplastic cells have variation in cell shape

A

pleomorphism

63
Q

poorly differentiated malignant neoplastic cells that have hyperchromatic and pleomorphic features

A

anaplasia

64
Q

neoplastic cells closely resemble normal cells (low grade cancer)

A

well-differentiated

65
Q

neoplastic cells vary greatly from normal cells; chaos (high grade cancer)

A

poorly/undifferentiated cancer

66
Q

example of benign tumor that doesn’t fit normal definition of small (also encapsulated w/ normal borders)

A

ovarian cyst adenoma

67
Q

cells that form an organ or tissue

A

parenchyma

68
Q

supporting cells of parenchyma

A

stroma

69
Q

benign tumor that arises from smooth muscle

A

leiomyoma

70
Q

benign tumor that arises from skeletal muscle

A

rhabdomyoma

71
Q

example of adenoma in colon

A

colon polyps

72
Q

example of papilloma

A

skin tags

73
Q

“perfect example” of an adenoma

A

thyroid adenoma

74
Q

highest grade of dysplasia, still has not breached basement membrane

A

carcinoma in situ

75
Q

malignant tumor that arises from cartilage

A

chondrosarcoma

76
Q

classification of tumors

A

TNM
tumor size
lymph nodes
mestasases

77
Q

normal cells just in an abnormal configuration w/in site of origin

A

hamartoma

78
Q

normal cells but in a different site than origin

A

heterotopic rests

79
Q

reactive cells that form a mass (ex. granuloma)

A

pseuodotumor

PFM: Biweekly Exam 2 (20 decks)

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