Special Research Designs Final

Question 1

internal validity

Answer 1

-does the IV variable actually causes the DV

or something else at worl
-a continun

Question 2

3 steps to identifying a causal relationship

Answer 2

1.temporal procedence
-cause come first

2.covariation of the cause and efffect
-presence cause =presence effect
-absencete cause=abesent effect

3.elimination plausable alternative explanation

Question 3

key features of true experiments that helps achive intenal validity

Answer 3

-manipulated IV

-measure DV

-experimental control over confonding variables
ex:random assigment

Question 4

the next best thing when a true experiment isnt possible

Answer 4

1.single case
2.quasi-experiments
3.developmental design

Question 5

1.single case

Answer 5

a) ABA reversal design
b)ABAB reversal design
c) Multiple baseline design

Question 6

single case design

Answer 6

-a reserch design in which the effect of the IV is assessed using data from a single participant

-the participant’s behaviour is first meaured during a baseline control time (the treatment is not used)> the manipulation is then intrudeced during a treatment period ,and the participants behaviour is anaylised

Question 7

a) ABA/reversla design

Answer 7

A(baseline period)>B(treatment period)>A(baseline period)

Question 8

b)abab

Answer 8

A(baseline period)>B(treatment period)>A(baseline period)>B(treatment)

it may be better then ABA because it prevents random situations to flunctuate the results (what is the chance that u got a puppy twice)

Question 9

c)Multiple baseline design

Answer 9

-a few participants
-basiline -treatment
-key feature:stagger start of treatment
-can have more then one participants
-does it work across situation

Question 10

c)Multiple baseline design

Answer 10

observing behaviour before and after manipulation under multiple circustances(across individuals,behaviours,settings)

Question 11

cons of single case design

Answer 11

-questionable generalability

Question 12

2.Developmental reserch

Answer 12

interested in age related trends throught the life span

-age as an IV
-its not assigned

Question 13

age effect

Answer 13

any differences caused by underlying processes,such as biological or psychological changes that occur with aging

Question 14

Cohort effects

Answer 14

Differences caused by experiences and circumstances unique to the generation to which one belongs
ex: WW

Question 15

Time of measurement effect

Answer 15

differences stemming from sociocultural,environmental,historical or other events at the time of data collection

ex: measuring levels of happiness while there is a recession going on

effects are confound variables

Question 16

development reserch

Answer 16

a)cross-sectional
b)longitudinal
c)sequential

Question 17

a)cross-sectional design

Answer 17

compare groups of participants of differing ages at a single point in time

Question 18

benefits

Answer 18

-less expensive
- immediate results

Question 19

cons

Answer 19

-must infer developmental changes(problametic)
-differences may be due to cohert effect

Question 20

b)longitudinal design

Answer 20

observe one group of participants repredetly over time

Question 21

benefits

Answer 21

-evidences for developmental changes

Question 22

cons

Answer 22

-loss of participants
-expensive and long
-measures,interests change
-results may not generalize to other cohorts
-possible time of measurment effects

Question 23

c) sequential design

Answer 23

longitudinal designs with more than one cohort

-it is almost like a cross sectional comperasion across time (where new ages are edded)

Question 24

if average across all three to see age effect

Answer 24

can control cohort and time measurment effect

Question 25

pros and cons

Answer 25

pro
-can investigate cohort effect
-allows for cross sectional comperasions
-allows for longitudinal
cons
- similar cons to logitudinal

Question 26

3.Quasi-Experiments

Answer 26

a)one-group posttest only
b)one-group pretest/postets design
c)nonquivalant control group
d)nonquivalent control group pretest-posttest

multiple repeted measures:
e) interrupted time series
f)control series

Question 27

quasi-experiments

Answer 27

an attempt to get at causation when you can’t use a full experimental design

still attempt at IV>DV

Question 28

true experiment vs quasi-experiment

Answer 28

true experiment:
-experimental manipulation ,
-random assigment*
-experimental control

Quasi-experiment:
-often no direct manipulation
-no random assigment*
-limited control

Question 29

why quasi-experiment

Answer 29

wants to study an effect of Iv to Dv

but

cant manipulate or control variables
cant use random assigment (maybe for ethical reasons)

ex:impact of drugs on babies,abuse on depression,concussions impact on cognitive

Question 30

quasi-experiment

Answer 30

subjects are not randomly assigned to conditions

subjects are selected based on the values of the independent variable,rather than having the experimenter assign values of the independent variable to subject

have less internal validity then true experiments

Question 31

a)the one-group postets only design

Answer 31

poor design,it dosnt really tell u if they got better.

ex:offer of tutor progrem>students sign up>tutoring program>final exame (posttest) score:70

Question 32

b)one-group prettest-postesst deign

Answer 32

slightly better.

ex:tutoring offered>students sign up> midterm score(pretest) 50>tutoring ptogram>final exam(postest) 70

Question 33

threats to internal validty=types of alternative explenations

Answer 33

-history:something happen in the world at the same time as the study

• Maturation:participants change between pretest and postest

-Testing:taking the pretest changes responses to postest(order effect)

-Instrumental decay:treatment or measures changes

Question 34

c)non-equivilant control group posttest only

Answer 34

ex;offered program> students who sign up vs students who dont sign up > tutoring program vs no treatment > final exam score 70 vs final exam score 60

Question 35

d) non-equivilant control group pre-test post-test design

Answer 35

ex: program offered>students who sign up vs who didnt sign up>midterm 50 Vs midterm 50 >treatment vs non-treatment> exam score 70 vs 60

best design for a quasi experiment

Question 36

regression to the mean

Answer 36

extreme groups differences reduce over repeted meauseres

must rule out regression to the mean as alternative explenation for change in pretest and protesst -that use extereme pre-test score to sort post-test into groups

ex; without anny effect of treatment,expected extreme high scores to drop and extreme low score to increse from T1 to T2

Question 37

c)interrupted time series

Answer 37

a quasi-experimental design in which a treatment investigated by examening a series of measurements made over an extended time period,both before and after the treatment

Question 38

f)control series

Answer 38

an extension of the interrupted time series design in which there is a comparison or control group