experimental control

Question 1

experimental control

Answer 1

-ensuring only the iv changes across conditions

-avoiding alternative explanations:experimenter expenctacy effects,demand characteristics

Question 2

optimizing our operational defenition

Answer 2

-avoiding ceeling and floor effects

-having an appropriate pairing of strong IV and sensitive DV

Question 3

experimenter expanctacy effect

Answer 3

A cognitive bias that occurs when a researcher knows
what condition participants are in and therefore
intentionally or unintentionally manipulates an
experiment, thus impacting the findings.

thereat internal validity

Question 4

ex:

Answer 4

maze bright/maze dull

1-participants were diveded intwo groups

2-one was told that their rats were super smart the other super stupid

3- they were told to see which one could do the maze faster

4- secretly the two animals were identical- not one was better then other

5- but the finding was that the ‘‘smart’’ rat was faster

6- the reason why probably was that the participants perhaps treated the rat better which inderactly caused the rat to act better

Question 5

solution for experimenter expectacy effect

Answer 5

1-double blind study (reserch assistant and participants are blind to which one is getting the IV)

2-automated (computer ? )instructions

3-all conditions run simustaneous

Question 6

demand characteristics

Answer 6

A demand characteristic is any feature of an
experiment that might inform participants of the
purpose of the study.

participants might try to help/hurt you
-be the good participants
-mess up the result
-socially desireability

sometimes a bit of deception is required

Question 7

operational defenition of an IV manipulation

Answer 7

-straightfoward
-staged

Question 8

straightfoward manipulation/simple and easy

Answer 8

Just present participants with something for the IV (e.g.
writing, pictures, video, etc) that will influence the DV

Question 9

ex

Answer 9

-manipulate mood with music,a video, or a remenber a time when…..

(another)

-try to remeber as many words from the following list as u can

Question 10

stage manipulation

Answer 10

1- try to inderetcly elicit a state

2- put particpansts in a position where they actually feel theyre in the situation

Question 11

examples

Answer 11

1-elicit fustration by giving people an impossible task

1-elicit anger by having a confederate insut a participant

2- driving while on hands-free vs with a passenger

Question 12

straight foward manipulation vs staged manipulation

Answer 12

Research question: Does thinking about old age impact
the behaviour of young people?

straight foward: ask participants to think about when they are 90 their expectations and afterwards walk around the room

staged manipulation: asked them to put words that relate to old age in order then ask them to walk around the room

Question 13

deception

Answer 13

Often, we deceive subjects about the real purpose of
a study
₋ “Unrelated tasks” (filler tasks)
₋ Use of confederates or cover story
Attempt to avoid demand characteristics

ex:line studya,shock study

but a debrif us needed afterwards

Question 14

straightfoward pros
(perception)

Answer 14

-simple
-cheap
-very common
-easy to pull of

Question 15

cons

Answer 15

-sometimes quite
artificial…might not really
simulate the “real world”(low mundane
realism)

-demand characteristics

Question 16

staged pros (deception)

Answer 16

-high experimental realism

-can often avoid demand
characteristics

Question 17

cons

Answer 17

-Tricky to pull off
-participants suspision
- hard to replicate
-lots can go wrong
-may be costly
-ethical?

Question 18

measuring variable

Question 19

celling effect

Question 20

*strenght of iV

Answer 20

can cause big changes in DV

-bigger contrast between Iv

Question 21

weak IV

Answer 21

may cause changes in Dv

smaller contrast between IV

Question 22

sensitivity of DV : tough

Answer 22

dificult to change

Question 23

*sensitivity of DV : sensitive

Answer 23

easy to change

Question 24

question wording

Answer 24

-simplicity
-double -barreld question (2 seperate question insted of one with two possible responses )
-loaded questions (not-biasest)
-negative wording: to complex (avoid not)

Question 25

creating survey question

Answer 25

-pre testing
-feed back
-have others asnwer the question
-revise questions

Question 26

additional

Answer 26

-response set
-social desirability

Question 27

operational defenition of a measured variable(DV)

Answer 27

-self-report
-behavioral
-physiological

Question 28

celing effect

Answer 28

the point at which an independent variable no longer has an effect on a dependent variable, when a kind of saturation has been reached

Question 29

floor effect

Answer 29

participants are all at minimum performence on DV so cant see effect of IV

Question 30

an IV can be

Answer 30

strong and cause big changes by having two different Ivs that are very different

or

where the difference between IV’s are pretty small and causes small changes in DV

Question 31

sensitivity of DV

Answer 31

a DV can be resistent to change or change easily

Question 32

weaker Iv are harder to detect then a strong IV

Question 33

Question wording
considerations (what is better in a questioneer/self-report?)

Answer 33

-simplicity(avoid jargon,abreviation,complexity)

-double barrel questions (with the word and )

-loaded question(bias)

-negative wordings (not,dont,cant)

Question 34

pre testing

Answer 34

Have others answer the questions
– Ask for feedback
– Revise questions that are unclear or
misunderstood
* OR use an existing & validated questionnaire

to know if the questions of the questioners are good

Question 35

response sets

Answer 35

a tendacy to respond to all questions from a particular perspective or ina particular way rather then providing the real answers

answering (from 1 to 10)
10,10,10

Question 36

social desirability

Answer 36

aswering questions how others would/what would be accepitable rather then the truth

Question 37

open-ended questions

Answer 37

pros:can get more complex and detail answers, can identify common themes

cons:responses may be ambigious, participants may interpret questions in differnt ways, time consuming to code