special senses Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
receptor of pain
A
nociceptor
2
Q
receptor of temperature
A
thermoreceptor
3
Q
receptor of touch
A
mechanoreceptor
4
Q
receptor of pressure
A
mechanoreceptor
5
Q
receptor of vibration
A
mechanoreceptor
6
Q
receptor of proprioception
A
proprioceptors
7
Q
what are the 5 special sense
A
smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium
8
Q
3 types of cells of olfaction
A
- Olfactory receptor cells
- Supporting cells
- Basal stem cells
9
Q
type of neuron of olfactory receptor cell
A
bipolar neurons
10
Q
function of olfactory receptor cells
A
• Respond to chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule - initiate the olfactory response
11
Q
what is the olfactory receptor cells
A
• Single axons project through cribiform plate into the olfactory bulb
12
Q
composition of supporting cells of olfaction
A
Columnar epithelial cells which line the nose
13
Q
function of supporting cells of olfaction + nerve involve
A
• Provide physical support, nourish, and insulate the
olfactory rec. cells
• Help detoxify the chemicals which come in contact with olfactory epithelium
- CVII
14
Q
location of basal stem cells
A
Lie between the bases of supporting cells
15
Q
function of basal stem cells
A
Continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells • 1 cell lives ~ 1 month • # decreases with age • decreased sensitivity with age
16
Q
olfactory pathway
A
olfactory receptor cell, olfactory nerve than pass through cribriform plate, goes to olfactory bulb and olfactory tract until primary olfactory area in cerebral cortex
17
Q
what are the 5 majors classes of stimuli
A
sour, sweet, bitter, salty, Unami
18
Q
how does taste occurs
A
Odors from food pass up into nasal cavity - stimulate olfactory receptor cells
19
Q
location of receptor of taste
A
taste buds
20
Q
location of taste buds
A
tongue, soft palate, pharynx, larynx, in papillae
21
Q
is taste buds decrease with age
A
yes
22
Q
3 cells of taste buds
A
supporting cell, gustatory receptor cells, basal cells
23
Q
pathway of gustatory receptor
A
Gustatory receptor cells synapse with dendrites of a sensory neuron - branch out and contact many gustatory receptor cells in several taste buds
24
Q
gustatory pathway
A
- From taste buds, impulses propagate along these cranial nerves to the medulla oblongata
- Some taste fibers will project to limbic system areas and hypothalamus
25
where does taste fibers project to
limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus and to primary gustatory area in parietal lobe
26
where is contain the sebaceous (oil) glands and sudoriferous (sweat) glands
lacrimal caruncle
27
what are the layer of eyelid from sup to deep
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, orbicularis oculi muscle, tarsus, cunjunctiva (palpable )
28
function of eyelashes and eyebrows
* Protect eyeball from foreign objects
* Protect eyeball from perspiration
* Protect eyeball from direct rays from sun
29
function of sebaceous glands
release a lubricating fluid into the hair follicles (infection = sty)
30
function of lacrimal apparatus
produce and drain lacrimal fluid, protect, clean, lubricate
31
what is contain in the watery solution of lacrimal apparatus
salt, mucous, llyzosysme
32
action of superior rectus m.
moves eyeball superiorly and medially
33
action of inferior rectus
moves eyeball inferiorly and medially
34
action of lateral rectus
abduct eyeball
35
action of medial rectus
adduct eyeball
36
action of sup oblique
moves eyeball inferiorly and laterally
37
action of inf oblique
moves eyeball superiorly and laterally
38
what are the 3 layers of eyeball sup from deep
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina
39
2 part of the fibrous tunic
anterior cornea
| post sclera
40
function of anterior cornea
helps focus light into retina
41
function of posterior sclera
give shape and protect inner part of eyeball
42
which part give the white of the eye
sclera
43
which part of the eye is transparent
cornea, lens
44
what are the 3 part of the vascular tunic of eyeball
choroid, ciliary body, iris
45
function of choroid
provides nutrient to retina
46
function of ciliary body (muscle)
alter shape of lens
47
function of iris
respond to change in light level
48
what happens with pupil when there is bright light
pupil constrict as circular muscle of iris contract (parasympathetic)
49
what happens with pupil when there is dim light
pupil dilate as radial muscle of iris contract (sympathetic)
50
which muscle is responsible when pupil constrict
circular muscle
51
which muscle is responsible when pupil dilate
radial muscle
52
retina consist of
pigment epithelium and neural portion
53
which part of the retina is non-visual portion
pigment epithelium
54
which part of retina is visual portion
neural portion
55
what are the 2 photoreceptors
rods and cones
56
what allows us to see in dim light
rods
57
which photoreceptor is stimulate by brighter light
cones
58
which photoreceptor produce coloraturas vision
cones
59
which photoreceptor is stimulated at low light threshold
rods
60
what is contains in fovea centralis
cones
61
function of fovea centralis
sharpness of vision
62
where is the optic disc
blind spot
63
in which part of the eyes there's no rods or cones
optic disc
64
which structure of eyes is avascular
lens
65
position of lens
posterior to pupil and iris
66
what is the composition of lens
protein (crystalline)
67
what is helding lens in place
suspensory lig
68
function of lens
* Fine tunes focusing of light rays
| * Facilitates clear vision
69
which cavity is the aqueous humor
anterior
70
which cavity is the virtuous humor
posterior
71
visual pathway in the retina
* Beginning of significant processing of the visual signals
* Axons of the retinal ganglion cells provide output from the retina to the brain
* Rods and cones will release neurotransmitters which lead to the generation of nerve impulses
72
visual pathway in the brain
* Axons of optic nerve pass through optic chiasm
* Some fibers cross to the opposite side, others remain uncrossed
* After the optic chiasm, the fibers form the optic tract, enter the brain and terminate in the thalamus (some bypass and go directly to sup. colliculi)
* Optic radiations project to visual areas in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex (after synapsing in the thalamus)
73
what is contain in the external ear
auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane
74
how is the auricle attached to the head
lig and muscle
75
where does the external acoustic meatus is
temoral bone
76
what does secrete ear wax
Specialized oil glands (ceruminous) secrete ear wax (cerumen)
77
role of wax
Along with hair, protect from dust / foreign objects
78
location of tympanic membrane
Thin, semi-transparent membrane between auditory canal and middle ear
79
the tympanic membrane is cover by what
epidermis
80
what are the 3 bones located in middle ear
* Malleus (hammer)
* Incus (Anvil)
* Stapes (Stirrup)
81
what is the middle ear
Air filled cavity lined with epithelium
82
what is contain in the ossicle
malleus, incus, stapes
83
what Articulates with tympanic membrane and incus
malleus
84
what Articulates with stapes and malleus
incus
85
what Articulates with incus and sits on oval window
stapes
86
what are the muscle attaching to ossicle
* Tensor Tympani Muscle
| * Stapedius Muscle
87
composition of Eustachian tube
bone and hyaline cartilage
88
what connect the Eustachian tube
middle ear and nasopharynx
89
role of Eustachian tube
Allows air to enter / leave the middle ear until: • pressure in middle ear = atmospheric pressure
90
in which part of inner ear there is perylymph
outer bony labyrinth
91
what is contain in the outer bony labrinth
* Semi-circular canals
* Vestibule
* Cochlea
* Contains perilymph (similar to CSF)
92
contain of inner membranous labyrinth
* Utricle and saccule
* Semi-circular duct
* Contains endolymph (high concentration of K+ ions)
93
in which part of the inner ear there is endolymph
inner membranous labyrinth
94
2 branch of vestibulocochlear nerve
vestibular cochlear
95
function of vestibular branch
sensory and motor
96
function of cochlear branch
sensory: hearing
97
which nerve branch off the vestibular branch
Ampullar, Utricular and Saccular nerves
98
what create the equilibrium
synapse of vestibular branch with receptor cells
99
location of cochlea
anterior to vestibule
| spiral around modulus
100
3 channels of cochlea
scala vestibolo
scala tympani
cochlear duct
101
where does Scala vestibuli end
oval window
102
where does Scala tympani end
round window
103
what separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli
vestibular membrane
104
what separates cochlear duct and scala tympani
basilar membrane
105
role of basilar membrane
separate cochlear duct and scala tympani
106
role of vestibular membrane
Separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli
107
location of organ of corti
on basilar membrane
108
composition of organ of corti
Coiled sheet of epithelial cells
109
role of organ of cortisones
receptor for hearing
110
where does organ of corti synapse
Synapse with sensory and motor neurons from the COCHLEAR branch of CN VIII
111
what is the mechanism of hearing
1. sound enter in external auditory canal
2. sound wave on tympanic membrane
3. sound travel into malleus than incus
4. stapes vibrate in oval window
5. vibration of oval window create vibration on vestibular membrane which make the sound travel in Scala vestibuli than into helicotrema, than cochlea, than Scala tympani
6. the vibration than spread into basilar membrane into organ of corti
7. then the basilar membrane create a vibration into the secondary membrane in round window
