SPECIAL SYSTEM

Question 1

The__________ terminates in the primary olfactory cortex, where olfaction is perceived.

Answer 1

lateral olfactory stria

Question 2

The_________ joins the anterior commissure to reach the contralateral olfactory tract and bulb.

Answer 2

medial olfactory stria

Question 3

The ________stria blends with the anterior perforated substance.

Answer 3

intermediate olfactory stria

Question 4

______are produced continuously from basal cells of the olfactory epithelium and are lost continuously by normal wear and tear.

Answer 4

Olfactory neurons

Question 5

olfactory receptor cells have an average life span of _______

Answer 5

30–60 days

Question 6

Parts of olfactory epithelium

Answer 6

Receptor Cells
Supporting (Sustentacular) Cells: separate the olfactory receptor cells

Basal Cells: They are the source of new epithelial cells.

Bowman’s Glands: contain serous and mucous cells and are located beneath the epithelium

Question 7

The secretion of ______ plays an important role in dissolving odorous substances and diffusing them to receptor cells.

Answer 7

Bowman’s glands

Question 8

It is located on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and beneath the inferior surface of the frontal lobe.

Answer 8

olfactory bulb

Question 9

Cell types of the olfactory bulb

Answer 9

Olfactory nerve layer
Glomerular layer
Plexiform layer
Mitral cell layer.
Granule layer.

Question 10

The ________ are considered the principal neurons of the olfactory bulb

Answer 10

mitral and tufted cells

Question 11

It is composed of the axons of principal neurons (mitral and tufted cells) of the olfactory bulb and centrifugal axons originating from the contralateral olfactory bulb, as well as from central brain regions.

Answer 11

Olfactory Tract

Question 12

The ________ is closely related to the limbic system and hence is concerned with emotional responses elicited by olfactory stimuli.

Answer 12

medial olfactory area

Question 13

The primary olfactory cortex is located within the _________ and is composed of the prepiriform cortex, periamygdaloid area, and part of the entorhinal area

Answer 13

uncus of the temporal lobe

Question 14

It is estimated that the concentration of an odorous substance must change by __________before it can be detected by receptor cells

Answer 14

30 percent

Question 15

________papillae are distributed in the back of the tongue, whereas _________are scattered on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

Answer 15

Circumvallate

fungiform

Question 16

Taste Buds histology

Answer 16

Receptor Cells: clear receptor cells and dense receptor cells

Supporting Cells: They are believed to secrete the substance that bathes the microvilli in the taste pore.

Basal Cells; replenish the receptor cells that are lost continually with an average life span of 10–14 days.

Nerve fibers

Question 17

Nerve fibers are terminal branches of:

Answer 17

(chorda tympani branch),
glossopharyngeal (lingual-tonsillar branch), and
vagus nerves (superior laryngeal branch).

Question 18

Trace the gustatory tract

Answer 18

tractus solitarius—–reticular nuclei (especially the parabrachial nucleus in the pons)——-ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus——–posterior limb of the internal capsule———inferior part of the somesthetic cortex

Question 19

Pathophysiology of papilledema

Answer 19

Marked increase in intracranial pressure from tumors or bleeding inside the cranial cavity or an increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure around the nerve sufficient to interfere with venous return from the retina results in swelling of the optic disk (papilledema)

Question 20

Axons of neurons in the ________project to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe via the geniculocalcarine tract (optic radiation)

Answer 20

lateral geniculate nucleus