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Afifi 💕 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

motor neuron of the spinal cord

A

125 um

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2
Q

Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons

A

DRG

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3
Q

Bipolar

A

cochlear and vestibular peripheral ganglia and olfactory and retinal receptor cells

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4
Q

Multipolar

A

autonomic ganglia and the enormous population of cells in the central nervous system

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5
Q

nil bodies absent in

A

are absent from the axon hillock

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6
Q

lipochrome

A

These granules apparently accumulate with age and are more evident during the advancing age of the organism.

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7
Q

axon of hillock

A

small part of the cell body that is devoid of Nissl substance

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8
Q

initial segment

A

short, narrow, and devoid of myelin

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

found near nodes of Ranvier and accumulate rapidly during the degeneration of nerves after an injury.

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10
Q

resistant proteolipid artifact after tissue preparation

A

Neurokertain

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11
Q

Diameter of myelinated

A

1 to 20 µm,

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12
Q

represent sites of synaptic contact by axon terminals from other neurons.

A

dendritic spines or gemules

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13
Q

Where can we see bipolar cells

A

retina of the eye, olfactory receptors, and the peripheral ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII).

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14
Q

axon-less neuron

A

amacrine cell

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15
Q

supporting cells between the neurons of the central nervous system

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendroglia
Ependymal cells
Microglia

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16
Q

ovoid, are centrally located, and stain poorly because they lack significant amounts of heterochromatin and have no nucleoli

A

Astrocytes

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17
Q

Astrocytes located primarily in the gray matter, where the cell bodies are found. Their function is not entirely clear, but they serve as a metabolic intermediary for nerve cells.

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes.

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18
Q

found in both gray and white matter. They usually are seen lying in rows among axons in the white matter.

A

ODG

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19
Q

They vary from cuboidal to columnar in shape and may possess cilia. Their cytoplasm contains mitochondria, a Golgi complex, and small granules. These cells are involved in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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20
Q

When destructive lesions occur in the central nervous system, these cells enlarge and become mobile and phagocytic. Thus, they become the macrophages, or scavenger cells, of the central nervous system.

A

Microglia

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21
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers less than 3 µm in diameter a

A

designated as B fibers

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22
Q

The endothelial cells that make up epineurial vessels have cell junctions of this variety

A

open type

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23
Q

electric impulse is conducted via ion movement across an ionic destabilized cell membrane

A

unmyelinated

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24
Q

very important for recycling intraaxonal proteins and neurotransmitters and for the movement of extraneural substances from nerve endings to the neuron, providing a mechanism that allows trophic influences from end organs to have an effect on neurons

A

retrograde transport

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25
Q

microtubule-disrupting drugs prevent fast axonal transport

A

colchicine and vinblastine

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26
Q

provide the motive force to drive organelles along microtubules.

A

kinesin

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27
Q

fast retrograde transport.

A

dynein

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28
Q

interruption of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation causes the cessation of what transport

A

axoplasmic (ATP-limited)

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29
Q

Transport of tubulin, actin, and neurofilamentous proteins.

A

slow

30
Q

examples of SNAP

A

synapsins (Ia and Ib, IIa and IIb), synaptophysin, and synaptobrevin

31
Q

decreases its affinity for synaptic vesicles, which then become available for release

A

synapsin I

32
Q

be potent inhibitors of pain receptors. They exhibit a morphinelike analgesic effect.

A

endorphins and enkephalins

33
Q

stimulate the growth of fibroblasts and smooth muscle fiber

A

tachykinin

34
Q

affect bone mineralization and stimulate the growth of human keratinocytes

A

VIP

35
Q

produce impulses that gradually decrease in strength in response to constant and unvarying stimuli

A

phasic receptor

36
Q

continue their response level throughout their activation and the duration of stimulation

A

tonic receptor

37
Q

widest distribution throughout the body and is most numerous in the skin

A

Free (Nonencapsulated) Nerve Endings

38
Q

Meissner, Vater-Pacini, Golgi-Mazzoni, and Ruffini; the so-called end bulbs; the neuromuscular spindles; and the tendon organ of Golgi.

A

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

39
Q

distributed widely in the skin but are found in the greatest numbers in the hairless (glabrous) skin of the finger, palm of the hand, plantar surface of the foot, toes, nipples, and lips. These corpuscles are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors.

A

Meissner

40
Q

largest and most widely distributed encapsulated receptor organs.largest and most widely distributed encapsulated receptor organs. sensitive to vibration.

A

VATER-PACINI CORPUSCLES

41
Q

unmyelinated receptor is arborized with varicosities and terminal expansions. These corpuscles are distributed in the subcutaneous tissue of the hands, on the surface of tendons, in the periosteum adjacent to joints

A

GOLGI-MAZZONI CORPUSCLES

42
Q

These type II slowly adapting mechanoreceptors have been associated with sensations of pressure and touch as a velocity and position detector. temperature-dependent, increasing with skin cooling and decreasing with skin warming

A

RUFFINI’S CORPUSCLES

43
Q

have been associated with sensations of temperature (cold)

A

end bulbs of Krause

44
Q

are distributed in both flexor and extensor muscles but are more abundant in muscles that control fine movements (extraocular muscles, intrinsic hand muscles).

A

spindles

45
Q

two types of intrafusal muscle fibers

A

nuclear chain fiber and nuclear bag fiber i

46
Q

respond to tension in skeletal muscle fibers that is developed by stretching the muscle or actively contracting the muscle

A

GTO

47
Q

do not receive efferent innervation from the spinal cord, and thus are not influenced by the central nervous system.

A

GTO

48
Q

dendrite response to injury

A

The entire cell, including the nucleus and nucleolus, swells
The Nissl bodies (tigroid substance) undergo chromatolysis
Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, proliferate and swell.

49
Q

The closer the injury is to the cell body and the more complete the interruption of the axon is, the more severe the reaction is and the poorer are the chances of full recovery.
T or F

A

T

50
Q

the cell body and its processes begin to regenerate at

A

3 weeks

51
Q

regenerative sprouting of the proximal axon stump requires elongation of the axon.

A

growth cone

52
Q

start of axonal degeneration

A

12 hrs

53
Q

classes og Nerve growth factors

A

NTFs, or survival factors
neurite-promoting factors (NPFs)
matrix-forming precursors (MFPs)
metabolic and other factors.

54
Q

They are present in the target of innervation, where they are taken up by the nerve terminals and transported by retrograde axonal transport back to the cell body.

A

NTFs, or survival factors

55
Q

are substrate-bound glycoproteins that strongly promote the initiation and extension of neurites

A

neurite-promoting factors (NPFs)

56
Q

migration of Schwann cells and other cells into the gap between the cut ends.

A

polymerized fibrin matrix

57
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

have thin, spindly processes that radiate from the cell body and terminate with distal expansions or footplates, which are also in contact with the external walls of blood vessels within the central nervous system

58
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

which are found primarily within the white matter, are believed to be concerned with metabolite transference and the repair of damaged tissue (scarring).

59
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes.

A

have thicker and more numerous branches. They are in close association with neurons and may partially envelop them; thus, they are known as satellite cells

60
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes.

A

they serve as a metabolic intermediary for nerve cells.

61
Q

The ______ form a continuous glial sheath, the so-called perivascular limiting membrane, surrounding blood vessels.

A

foot processes

62
Q

Origin of microglia

A

mesoderm

63
Q

T or F

The bipolar ganglion cells of the vestibular and cochlear cranial nerves are not, however, encapsulated by satellite cells.

A

T

64
Q

The dendritic processes of two or more adjacent cells often appear tangled and may form dendritic _______ such cells usually are enclosed in a single capsule

A

glomeruli;

65
Q

Difference in the endothelial cells of BV of the endoneurium and epineurium

A

The endothelial cells that make up epineurial vessels have cell junctions of the “open” variety, which allow extravasation of protein macromolecules.

Endoneurial vessels, in contrast, have endothelial cells with tight junctions, which prevent the extravasation of proteins within the endoneurial space. These vessels, along with the perineurium, constitute the blood-nerve barrier.

66
Q

Occasionally, myelin shows localized incomplete fusion of Schwann cell membrane, and small amounts of Schwann cell protoplasm may be found trapped between the membranes. These areas of incomplete fusion are called

A

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

67
Q

nonmyelinated axons suspended by the cell membrane and located below the cell’s outer surface (and surrounded by neuroplasm)

A

mesaxon

68
Q

Which has a slow and fast tipe, anetrograde or retrograde?

A

antero

69
Q

Microtubules are involved in ______ and retrograde transport;

A

fast anterograde

70
Q

____: anterograde
dynein: retrograde

A

kinesin

71
Q

Some synapses, termed electric, have no synaptic vesicles, and the adjacent cell membranes (pre- and postsynaptic) are fused. The fused membranes of electric synapses are called _____

A

tight junctions or gap junctions

72
Q

______ have been shown to stimulate the growth of fibroblasts and smooth muscle fibers; ______ affect bone mineralization and stimulate the growth of human keratinocytes

A

Tachykinins

VIPs

Afifi 💕 (24 decks)

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