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Afifi 💕 > MEDULLA > Flashcards

MEDULLA Flashcards

1
Q

Floor of the 4th vent

A

Posterior Median Fissure, Hypoglossal Trigone, Vagal Trigone

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2
Q

This fissure is a continuation of the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord.

A

Posterior Median Fissure

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3
Q

protuberance of the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) into the floor of the fourth ventricle.

A

Hypoglossal Trigone

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4
Q

protuberance of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) into the floor of the fourth ventricle.

A

vagal trigone

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5
Q

This is the surface landmark of the arcuatocerebellar bundle of fibers running from the arcuate nucleus of the medulla oblongata to the cerebellum.

A

stria medullaris

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6
Q

roof of the fourth ventricle structures

A

anterior medullary velum, the cerebellum, and the tela choroidea

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7
Q

The lateral boundaries of the fourth ventricle

A

Brachium Conjunctivum, Retiform Body, Clava and Cuneate Tubercles

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8
Q

Medulla at level of pyramidal decussation

A

The fibers of the lower extremities are more lateral than are those of the upper extremities

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9
Q

fractures of the ________ or mass lesions in that location result in paralysis of the muscles of the upper extremities but may spare the muscles of the lower extremities.

A

odontoid

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10
Q

can result from a lesion in the lower medulla that injures the crossed fibers to the arm as well as the uncrossed fibers to the leg

A

paralysis of an ipsilateral arm and a contralateral leg (hemiplegia cruciata)

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11
Q

dorsal column nuclei are divided into two distinct areas which are

A

core and reticular zone

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12
Q

SPINAL TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the medulla is continuous with the _____of the SC

A

substantia gelatinosa

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13
Q

it mediates dental pain

A

nucleus interpolaris

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14
Q

mediates tactile sensations from the oral mucosa.

A

nucleus oralis

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15
Q

Trigeminothalamic tract lamellation

A

fibers from the ophthalmic branch (V1) of the trigeminal nerve are located most lateral and those from the mandibular branch (V3) are most medial.

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16
Q

loss of kinesthesia and discriminative touch contralateral to the side of the lesion in the medulla. Where is the lesion?

A

medial lemniscus

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17
Q

inputs to cuneate nucleus

A

glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX) and vagus (cranial nerve X) nerves as well as from the vasopressor and cardioacceleratory areas of the posterior hypothalamus

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18
Q

______ triggers the accessory cuneate nucleus, via cardiovascular reflexes, to produce bradycardia and hypotension.

A

HPN

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19
Q

The inferior olivary nuclear complex consists of ______

A

Principal olive (the largest of the complex)
Dorsal accessory olive
Medial accessory olive

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20
Q

formed of astroblast-like cells, arterioles, sinusoids, and some apolar or unipolar neurons. It is one of several central nervous system areas that lack a blood-brain barrier.

A

area postrema

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21
Q

inferior olivary nuclear complex consists of three nuclear groups namely

A

Principal olive (the largest of the complex)
Dorsal accessory olive
Medial accessory olive

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22
Q

Afferent inputs to inferior olive

A
  1. Cerebral cortex via the corticospinal tract
  2. Basal ganglia via the central segmental tract
  3. Mesencephalon from the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain and the red nucleus via the central segmental tract
    medulla oblongata, the dorsal column nuclei project to the contralateral accessory olive
  4. cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle the spinal cord, to the accessory olives of both sides via the spino-olivary tract.
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23
Q

major output of the inferior olivary complex is to the cerebellum

A

olivocerebellar tract

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24
Q

They pass through the hilum of the olive, traverse the medial lemniscus, and course through the opposite olive to enter the restiform body on their way to the cerebellum.

A

olivocerebellar tract

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25
Q

Accessory Nerve origins

A

spinal: from the accessory nucleus
cranial: from the caudal pole of the nucleus ambiguus in the medulla oblongata.

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26
Q

impaired function of the trapezius muscle

A

Downward and outward rotation of the scapula ipsilateral to the lesion
Moderate sagging of the ipsilateral shoulder

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27
Q

impaired function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

A

Weakness on turning the head to the side opposite the lesion

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28
Q

emergence of axons from dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

A

lateral surface of the medulla between the inferior olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle

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29
Q

results in nausea, vomiting, and a change in heart rate because of connections with this area

A

connection of the vagus with vestibular nuclei

30
Q

s a column of cells situated about halfway between the inferior olive and the nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve

A

nucleus ambiguous

31
Q

emergence of axons of nucleus ambiguus

A

the lateral surface of the medulla between the inferior olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

32
Q

Afferents of nucleus ambiguus

A

Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve.

Nucleus solitarius

33
Q

nucleus receives general somatic afferent fibers from the external ear, external auditory canal, and external surface of the tympanic membrane.

A

Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve.

34
Q

These fibers convey general visceral sensations from the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and esophagus as well as the thoracic and abdominal viscera.

A

GVA of Nucleus solitarius

35
Q

These fibers convey taste sensations from the region of the epiglottis.

A

SVA of Nucleus solitarius

36
Q

efferent components of the glossopharyngeal

A

NUCLEUS AMBIGUUS

INFERIOR SALIVATORY NUCLEUS

37
Q

hey are preganglionic general visceral efferent fibers that convey secretomotor impulses to the parotid gland. They travel via the lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion, from which postganglionic fibers supply the parotid gland

A

INFERIOR SALIVATORY NUCLEUS

38
Q

afferent components of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve.

Nucleus solitarius.

39
Q

This branch innervates the carotid body and carotid sinus, which are chemoreceptor and baroreceptor centers.

A

carotid sinus nerve

40
Q

The two vestibular nuclei that appear at rostral levels of the medulla

A

inferior vestibular nucleus and the medial vestibular nucleus

41
Q

zones of nucleus solitarius

A

caudal and medial: general visceral sensation and primarily cardio-respiratory function

rostral and lateral zone is concerned with special visceral (taste) function

42
Q

gustatory (taste) zone receives taste sensations via three cranial nerves:

A

7, 9, 10

43
Q

output of the gustatory zone

A

posterior thalamus (ventral posterior medial nucleus), which in turn projects to the primary gustatory cortex.

44
Q

Lesions in the nucleus or tractus solitarius and their connections with the area postrema result in

A

early satiety and poor appetite

45
Q

genesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema.

A

caudal zone of the nucleus solitarius, along with the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the medial reticular formation,

46
Q

brain stem nuclei involved in cardiovascular control

A

nucleus solitarius, along with the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the caudal, and the rostral ventrolateral medulla

47
Q

Lesions in the _______ have been shown to result in arterial blood pressure elevation

A

tractus solitarius

48
Q

Lack of activity in _____________ neurons has been associated with development of hypertension.

A

caudal ventrolateral medulla

49
Q

The _____________is critical for the tonic and reflexic regulation of blood pressure.

A

rostral ventrolateral medulla

50
Q

____________contains primary inspiratory

neurons that project to the nucleus ambiguus and to spinal cord neurons that supply the diaphragm

A

DRG of nucleus solitarius

51
Q

The ventral respiratory group in the nucleus ambiguus and nucleus retroambiguus contains____________

A

inspiratory and expiratory neurons.

52
Q

Structures implicated in apnea in humans include

A

the nucleus solitarius, the nucleus ambiguus, the nucleus retroambiguus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the region of the medial lemniscus, the region of the spinothalamic tract, and the medullary reticular formation, all bilaterally

53
Q

where is the lesion for NPE

A

caudal brain stem, nucleus solitarius, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and the medial medullary reticular formation.

54
Q

The __________ is in the medulla oblongata at the ventromedial margin of the descending tract and nucleus (spinal nucleus) of the trigeminal nerve and includes the adjacent reticular formation and nucleus solitarius.

A

sneezing center

55
Q

phases of sneezing

A

nasal and respiratory

56
Q

The afferent limb of the nasal phase consists of the _____________.
The efferent limb consists of ________________

A

ethmoidal (cranial nerve V) and olfactory (cranial nerve I) nerves, which project to the sneezing center in the medulla oblongata;

preganglionic fibers to the greater petrosal nerve (cranial nerve VII) and the sphenopalatine ganglion (cranial nerve VII),

57
Q

Manifestations of respiratory phase of sneezing

A

ye closure, deep inspiration, pharyngeal closure, forceful expiration, dilation of the glottis, explosive air release through the mouth and nose, and expulsion of mucus and irritants.

58
Q

phases of swallowing

A

oral, pharyngolaryngeal, and esophageal.

59
Q

two regions in the medulla are involved in swallowing

A

The dorsal swallowing group (DSG) and VSG

60
Q

contains the generator neurons which trigger, shape, and time the sequential or rhythmic swallowing pattern

A

DSG located within the nucleus solitarius and the adjacent reticular formation

61
Q

contains the switching neurons, which distribute the swallowing drive to the various motor neuronal pools involved in swallowing.

A

VSG

62
Q

Descending pathways that modify swallowing arise from _______

A

the prefrontal cortex, the limbic system, the hypothalamus, the midbrain, and the pons

63
Q

__________ of the hypothalamus mediate the expression of yawning via connections to the hippocampus, pons, and medulla oblongata.

A

Oxytocinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus

64
Q

yawn-producing hormones

A

dopamine, excitatory amino acids, and oxytoci

65
Q

Blood supply of medulla

A

Vertebral
Anterior spinal
Posterior spinal
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

66
Q

four vascular territories of the medulla

A

paramedian, olivary, lateral, and dorsal

67
Q

paramedian territory receives its blood supply from the __________

A

vertebral and/or anterior spinal arteries

68
Q

olivary territory receives an inconstant blood supply from the ________

A

vertebral artery.

69
Q

e lateral territory receives a constant blood supply from Z________

A

the vertebral artery and a variable supply from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

70
Q

The dorsal territory is supplied rostrally by the __________

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery and caudally by the posterior spinal artery.

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