specific taxon info

Question 1

Metatheria

Question 2

Eutheria

Question 3

Monotremata

Question 4

Aves

Question 5

Crocodilia

Question 6

Lepidosauria

Question 7

Testudinata

Question 8

Amphibia general characteristics

Answer 8

thin scaleless skin covered in mucous for cutaneous gas exchange, as well as lungs (in most) for gas exchange

aquatic larval stage, dramatic metamorphosis to terrestrial or semi terrestrial adult stage

Question 9

Sarcopterygii

Question 10

Actinopterygii

Answer 10

HUGE taxon!! approx 30, 000 known species

Question 11

Holocephali

Answer 11

chimaeras

Question 12

Elasmobranchii

Answer 12

sharks, skates, and rays

Question 13

Petromyzontida

Answer 13

lamprays

larval stage that uses a muscular pharyngeal pump, as well as endostyle

during metamorphosis, endostyle transitions into a thyroid gland

SOME (<1/2) species are parasitic, those that aren’t parasitic don’t feed at all as adults just reproduce

Question 14

Myxinoidea

Answer 14

derived character - secondary loss of vertebrae

HAGFISH

can release huge volumes of slime if attacked

Question 15

deuterostome

Answer 15

synapomorphies: pharyngeal slits

Question 16

chordate characters (list)

Answer 16

dorsal hollow nerve chord (most likely)

notochord (synapomorphy for chordates)

pharyngeal slits (likely synapomorphy for deuterostomes)

post-anal tail (hypothesized synapomorphy)

endostyle (synpomorphy)

***@ some stages in development, not necessarily at all life stages

Question 17

protostomes

Question 18

echinodermata

Answer 18

sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars

larvae often have bilateral symmetry but undergo metamorphosis giving adults e pentaradial symmetry

Question 19

hemichordata

Answer 19

includes acorn worms and pterobranchs

dorsal nerve chord is NOT hollow! also has a ventral nerve chord

has a pharynx and pharyngeal slits

body is composed of three regions: the probosis, collar, and trunk

Question 20

cephalochordata

Answer 20

retain all 5 chordate characters all through their lives

look little basic eels, very good example of characters, super simple

breaths water by taking in water through the mouth and out pharynx through slits, out through atriapore

Question 21

urochordata

Answer 21

sea squirts etc

SOME are free flowing, but most are CESSILE as adults (attach to surfaces)

key physiological features: endostyle, large pharynx with slits, an atrium, stomach, buccal siphon (opening on very top), atrial siphon (from which H2O exits), TUNIC

undergoes large metamorphosis, anterior attaches to a surface

Question 22

vertebrata

Answer 22

synapomorphies: vertebral column, cranium, muscular pharyngeal pump

Question 23

synapomorphy of protostomes and deuterostomes

Answer 23

the coelum (fluid filled body cavity containing the internal organs

Question 24

how can you distinguish between protostomes and deuterostomes?

Answer 24

look at their early embryonic development

Question 25

distinguishing between protostomes and deuterostomes from early embryonic development

Answer 25

PROTOSTOMES - blastopore forms in the anterior region of the embryo and gives rise to the region of the mouth DEUTEROSTOMES - blastopore forms in the posterior of the embryo, gives rise to the region of the anus

Question 26

what is the endostyle homologous to in vertebrates

Answer 26

thyroid gland

Question 27

3 regions of the hemichordata body

Answer 27

probosis, collar, trunk

Question 28

chondrichthyes

Answer 28

cartilagenous fish control buoyancy by producing oils in the liver and by swimming negatively buoyant, sink if they stop swimming

Question 29

how to cephalochordata guide water through their bodies/take in particles?

Answer 29

they create a current using cilia lining of the pharynx is covered w/ mucus to trap food particles

Question 30

gnathostomata derived characters

Answer 30

bone, jaws (derived from the splanchnocranium of the skull), paired pectoral and pelvic fins

Question 31

the vertebral column is a synapomorphy for

Answer 31

vertebrates

Question 32

the cranium is a synapomorphy for

Answer 32

vertebrates

Question 33

the muscular pharyngeal pump is a synapomorphy for

Answer 33

vertebrates

Question 34

agnatha

Answer 34

vertebrates without jaws - so has cranium, vertebral column, muscular pharyngeal pump

Question 35

bone is a synapomorphy for

Answer 35

gnathostomata

Question 36

jaws are a synapomorphy for

Answer 36

gnathostomata

Question 37

secondary loss of vertebrae happened in

Answer 37

myxinoidea

Question 38

paired pectoral and pelvic fins are a synapomorphy for

Answer 38

gnathostomata

Question 39

teliostomi

Answer 39

bony skeletons synapomorphies - gas bladder acting as a swim bladder in many actinopterygii, in others act as lungs for gas exchange

Question 40

gas bladder is a synapomorphy for

Answer 40

teleostomi

Question 41

synapomorphy for sarcopterygii and tetrapods

Answer 41

fleshy fins

Question 42

fleshy fins are a synapomorphy for:

Answer 42

sarcopterygii and tetrapods

Question 43

sarcopterygii

Answer 43

some have paired lungs for gas exchange with air gas bladder filled with fat and for buoancy not respiration

Question 44

elasmobranchii (general description)

Answer 44

cartilagenous fish including sharks, skates, and rays

Question 45

holocephali (general descripton)

Answer 45

ratfish <3 they look like rats

Question 46

anamniotes

Answer 46

animals like fish and amphibians that do not produce an amnion, chorion, or allantois

Question 47

carapace

Answer 47

dorsal portion of turtle's bony shell

Question 48

plastron

Answer 48

ventral portion of turtle's bony shell

Question 49

oviparous

Answer 49

lay eggs (this is what monotremata are)

Question 50

viviparous

Answer 50

give birth to free-living young - eutharians, metatharians