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Biol 204 Lab > study for lab midterm > Flashcards

study for lab midterm Flashcards

1
Q

petro. vertebrae

A

no centrum, tiny cartilagenous neural arch and spine on dorsal of notochord

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1
Q

myxinoidea vertebrae

A

none

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2
Q

chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii vertebrae

A

hole in center, notochord squeezes through and forms cushioning pad on either end

*** some actinopterygii lost centrum

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3
Q

tetrapod vertebrae

A

solid, articular ends capped with cusioning pads

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4
Q

cushioning pads in mammals

A

intervertebral discs - center from notochord

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5
Q

cushioning pad in sauropsids

A

intervertebral bodies, no noto (lost)

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6
Q

what taxa have large prominent notochords

A

myxinoidea, petromyzontida, holocephali, sarcopterygii

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7
Q

what taxa have zygapophyses

A

tetrapods

NOT fish (so chondrichthyes, sarcopterygii, actinopterygii)

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8
Q

general zygaphophyses

A

locking devices to prevent torsion

PRE SUPPORTS POST

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9
Q

how does rib articulation occur in tetrapods

A

two headed ribs articulate with diapophyses and parapophyses, which are smooth lateral surfaces on the transverse processes

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10
Q

sternum general

A

endochondral bone, att point for chest muscles and sometimes attach to ribs forming the rib cage

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11
Q

sternum in fish

A

no

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12
Q

sternum in amphibians

A

attached to pectoral girdle

cartilage in salamanders

cartilage and bone in frogs

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13
Q

sternum in lepidosauria, crocodillia

A

cartilagenous, attached to ribs

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14
Q

sternum in turtles

A

NONE replaced by plastron

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15
Q

sternum in aves

A

large with many ribs articulating, central keel for attachment of flight muscles

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16
Q

centrum slightly curved on all sides, hollow with notochord passing through

A

amphicoelous

chondrichthyes, actinopterygii

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17
Q

anterior of centrum curved out, posterior concave, solid centrum, intervertebral bodies

A

opisthocoelous

sauropsids

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18
Q

anterior of centrum concave, posterior curved out, intervertebral body

A

procoelous

sauropsids

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19
Q

all surfaces of centrum are flat, solid centrum, intervertebral disc

A

acoelous

mammalia

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20
Q

all surfaces concave (curved in), intervertebral bodies

A

heterocoelous

sauropsids

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21
Q

vertebral regions in actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, chondrichthyes

A

trunk (ribs (except chondrich), neural arch, neural spine)

caudal (neural/hemal arch/spine)

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22
Q

vertebral regions in sauropsids

A

cervical
thoracic (where ribs are att)
lumbar
sacral
caudal

often modified

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23
Q

vertebrae modifications in aves

A

sacral, lumbar, 1 thoracic, several caudal fused into synsacrum, fused w/ pelvic girdle

post posterior caudal fuse into pogostyle

ribs have uncinate processes projecting posteriorly to next rib

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24
uncinate processes
posterior projections on aves ribs
25
vertebral regions in mammals
cervical (inc atlas and axis, all have transverse foramina to protect arteries taking blood to the head) thoracic (ribs) with diapophyses and parapophyses flat concave survaces on transverse processes to articulate with ribs lumbar sacral caudal
26
atlas vs axis
atlas: 1st cervical vertebrae, allows head to nod axis: second, odontoid process articlates with atles, allows head to turn side to side
27
vertebral regions in amphibians
cervical - fused in tailless amph, salamanders have only 1, atlas trunk - no ribs just long transverse processes sacral caudal
28
tetrapod forelimb bones
humerus radius (anterior) ulna (posterior) carpals metacarpals phalanges
29
tetrapod hindlimb bones
femus fibula (thin), tibia (thick) tarsals metatarsals phalanges
30
3 possible food postures
plantigrade - tars, meta, phal on ground (ex humans) digitigrade - phalanges on ground (ex cat) unguligrade - barely any or no phalanges on the ground (ex horse) **ungul have longer stride length, but others absorb shock better **metatarsals longest in unguligrade, next digitigrade
31
pelvic girdle in chondrichthyes
single element separate from vertebral column (embedded in body wall)
32
pelvic girdle in tetrapoda
1. ilium (lateral wing) 2. ischium (dorsal) 3. pubis (ventral) 1,2,3 fuse at the acetabulum most often fused to sacral region of vertebral column to form the pubis two separate pubic bones articulate at PUBIC SYMPHOSIS except in aves, fused into INNOMINATE BONE
33
changes in attachment of pectoral girdle to the skull
becomes attached in teleostomi detached in tetrapoda
34
components of the pectoral girdle in chondrichthyes
1. coracoid bar 2. scapular processes 3. suprascapular processes all cartilagenous
35
components of pectoral girdle in actinopterygii
DERMAL cleithrum, supracleithrum, postcleithrum, post temporal ENDOCHONDRAL scapula
36
components of pectoral girdle in sauropsids
37
pectoral girdle in mammalia
1. scapula: wide flat, divided by the scapular spine has a coracoid process, derived from the coradoid bone 2. clavicle: often greatly reduced
38
general dermatocranium
ONLY in teleostomi (no chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii) dermal bone encasing the chondocranium and splanchno cranium, protecting brain and gills MADE FROM - mesodermal mesenchyme and neural crest cells
39
dermatocranium germ origin
mesodermal mesenchyme and neural crest cells
40
components of the dermatocranium (mammalia)
nasal, premaxilla, maxilla, lacrimal, jugal, squamosal, frontal, parietal, interparietal, dentary
41
splanchnocranium function and origin
neural crest cells 7 pharyngeal arches supporting pharynx and gills, as well as evolutionary derivatives of arches such as the hyoid apparatus, some jaws, ear bones
42
pharyngeal arch structure
each has 5 articulating elements on each side
43
fate of the first pharyngeal arch
JAWS in early gnathostomes upper - palatoquadrate lower - meckel's cartilage CHONDRICHTHYES - remain as palato and meckel's MAMMALIA -
44
6 types of jaw suspension
paleostyly autostyly metautostyle hyostyly modified hyostyly craniostyly
45
paleostyly
no jaw (agnatha)
46
autostyly
*holocephali* upper - palatoquadrate lower - meckel's cartilage articulat with each other, palatoquadrate attaches directly to chondocranium
47
hyostyly
*elasmobranchii* upper - palatoquadrate lower - meckel's cartilage hyomandibula of hyoid apparatus forms swinging bridge that attaches the palatoquadrate to the chondocranium
48
modified hyostyly
actinopterygii upper - palatoquadrate + quadrate lower - meckel's cartilage + articular hyomandibula forms swinging bridge, conn. quadrate to chondo
49
metautostyly
*amphibia and sauropsida* upper - maxilla, premaxilla, quadrate lower - dentary, angular, articular quad art with articular, quad att to skull no mobility, or mobility (streptostyly) hyomandibular - columella of middle ear
50
craniostyly
*mammalia* upper maxilla and premaxilla lower - dentary upper is completely fused to the brain case, and the lower articulates with the squamosal bone of the brain case quadrate - incus articular - malleus hyomandibula - stapes (homologous to columella of amphibians and sauropsida)
51
fate of arches 3 - 7
in gnathostome fish + larval amphibians support gills, act as a site for respiratory muscle attachment in terrestrial gnathostomes - modified to for the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage which protect the larynx
52
general chondocranium (germ origin, function)
mesodermal mesenchyme, neural crest cells to protect the ventral, lateral, and posterior regions of the brain, as well as special sense organs
53
components of the chondocranium
olfactory capsules - nose optic capsules - eyes otic capsules - ears - inner/middle ears MAIN BONES - occipitals (back) , sphenoids, ethmoids (thin curled bones in olfactory chamber
54
differences in chondocranium between taxa
all vertebrates, cartilagenous in the embryo but for most ossified later EXCEPT chondrichthyes, petromyzontida, myxinoidea (all agnathans) for most, only ventral, lateral, posterior regions of braincase protected by for chondrichthyes and some species of actinopterygii it also forms the dorsal region in many mammals, the olfactory chamber/nasal passage is also divided in two by the mesethmoid bone
55
palate (general)
primary palate gen sep brain from nasl and/or oral cavities secondary generally sep nasal from oral
56
palate tree!
chondrichthyes - only 1 (ventral reg of the brain case) Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii - only primary! Amphibians only Primary **** PRIMARY ONLY UNTIL AMNIOTES DIVERGE*** all amniotes have both palates, though some complete some partial EXCEPT lepidosauria - only primary
57
palate in lepidosauria
NO
58
palate in testudinates
1 complete 2 partial, from the extension of the maxilla and premaxilla
59
palate in crocodilia
both complete, 2 bony
60
palate in aves
both complete, secondary is fleshy
61
palate in mammalia
both complete secondary has a bony anterior (hard palate), fleshy posterior (soft palate)
62
temporal fenestrae
can be used to differentiate amniotes 1. anapsid (NONE) - testudinates 2. diapsid (INFRATEMPORAL - side, AND SUPRATEMPORAL - top) - lepidosauria and archosauria 3. synapsid (ONLY infratemporal) - mammalia -could be continuous w/ orbit of the eye fenestrae can be completely surrounded OR modified diapsid whih means some bones secondarily lost so not completely closed off
63
crests
saggital crest - down midline along frontal and parietal + interparietal and supraoccipital bones *** muscular attachment point for jaw aducters nuchal crest - transverse ridge along occipital bones *** muscular attachment point for head support
64
tooth positioning in diff taxa
gnathostome fish - all over the place! wherever theres somatic ectoderm amphibians and lepidosauria- mostly jaws, sometimes palate aves and testudinata - no teeth, keratinized beak instead crocodilia - jaws!!! mammalia - jaws!!
65
3 modes of tooth attachmend
1. acrodont - attached to surface of gums @ the jaw *most teleosts, some elasmobramchii* 2. pleurodont - 1 side of tooth fused to inner surface of the jaw *salamanders, frogs, lizards* 3. thecodont - anchored in a deep socket *crocodilians, mammalians*
66
names for how many times teeth replaced
polyphyodont - replaces consistently diphyodont - replaced once monophyodont - never replaced
67
different shaped teeth vs same shaped teeth
same - homodont different - heterodont

Biol 204 Lab (18 decks)

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