Speech Science Quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is wave?
A
disturabance being composed of vibrations that move within a medium
2
Q
The speed of the wave is….. not dependingn on ……
A
constant
amplitude and frequency
3
Q
Do particles travel with the wave?
A
No! They don’t! They oscillate back and forth. It’s the disturbance that travels with the wave.
4
Q
When molecules constantly move around in random patterns @high speeds refers to ……
A
Brownian motion
5
Q
Wave that the particles move in a parallel to the direction of the wave
A
longitudinal wave
6
Q
Wave that the particles move perpendicularly to the direction of the wave
A
transverse wave
7
Q
Pulse wave refers to
A
single disturbance
8
Q
Examples of pulse wave
A
1 stone thrown into a pond
row of dominoes falling
a single clap
Voiced & voiceless plosives; African clicks
9
Q
Frequency is
A
cycles per second (Hz)
10
Q
Cycle is
A
1 alternating compression and rarefraction
11
Q
Frequency range of sound vibrations that humans can hear
A
20Hz - 20,000 Hz
12
Q
Sounds too low in frequency to be audible are called ……
A
subsonic
13
Q
Sounds too high to be audible
A
ultrasonic
14
Q
Speech frequency
A
100-5,000 Hz
15
Q
Fundamental frequency of the human voice created by the vocal cords is in the ….….. Hz range
A
80-500 Hz
16
Q
Audible harmonics of the fundamental frequency and sounds made in the oral cavity are extended to ……
A
5,000 Hz
17
Q
Period is
A
time to complete one cycle
18
Q
Relationship of Frequency and period
A
Frequency = 1/t Period = 1/frequency
19
Q
If frequency = 100 Hz, the t =
A
1/100 = 0.01
20
Q
If t= 0.005, the frequency =
A
5/1000 = 200 Hz
21
Q
Period and frequency of a wave are inversely related
Explain the relationship
A
Higher f shorter period
Lower f longer period
22
Q
Wavelength
A
distance traveled during 1 cycle
23
Q
Wavelength depends on
A
frequency and speecd of sound
24
Q
Relationshop between frequency and wavelength
Explain
A
inverse relationship
Higher frequency shorter wavelength
Lower frequency longer wave length
25
Amplitude is
the size of the local disturbance (compression and rarefaction of air molecule)
Magnitude of the oscillation
26
Intensity is
the power per unit area
proportional to the square of the amplitude
27
Unit of amplitude
dB
28
Intentisy scale
dB SPL
29
Decibels are
a manageable measurement of wide range of human hearing
30
1 decibel = …… of a bel
1/10th
31
An increase of 10 dB represents
sound level: ten-fold increase (10x)
perceived loudness: twice
32
Base indicates
how much each unit increases
33
Exponent indicates
how often the base is multiplied by itself
34
Does 0 dB mean there is no sound?
No! It means the sound present is the same as the reference sound
35
0dB
the reference sound for the threshold for normal human hearing
below which the sound waves are too small to be perceived
36
30 dB is ….. time as intense (compared to 0 dB)
1000x
37
30 dB is perceived as …… time louder (compared to 0 dB)
8 times
38
Intensity diminishes with increasing …….
distance
39
Each doubling of distance from the source to the listener reduces the SPL by …..dB
6 dB
40
Frequency is perceived as …..
pitch
41
Amplitude /Intensity is perceived as
loudness
42
Duration perceived as …..
length
43
Duration is
time domain measured in seconds (words, phrases & sentences)
in milliseconds (individual vowels & consonants)
44
We have greater sensitivity to the dofferences between ….. compared to …….
Lower pitches
Higher pitches
45
Localization of high f (~1500Hz) is dependent on …….
head shadow effect
46
The head casts shadow that in turn attenuates sound by at least …. dB or up to ….. dB
6dB/ 20dB
47
Why higher frequencies tend to get blocked by the head
because the wavelength is short
48
The ear located the nearest to the source of the sound is called
the leading ear
49
The ear located opposite to the source of the sound is called
the lagging ear
50
Waveform is ….
a graphical display that represents the alternating compressions and rarefractions of air molecules that make up the longitudinal sound pressure wave
51
Compression is
When molecules are tighly packed
52
Rarefaction is
when molecules are spread apart
53
Instrument that displays any sound as a waveform
oscilloscope
54
Sine (sinusoid) waves are simple ways that represent ….
a pure tone (single frequency)
55
Complex waves represented ……
the sum of simpler waveforms
56
Complex waves contain …… frequency (s)
more than 1 frequency
many soundwaves of different frequencies
57
Complex waves can be ….. or …..
periodic or aperiodic
58
Periodic complex waves are produced by
How is the pattern?
irregular vibration
repetitive pattern (simple (pure tone) or complex)
59
Examples pf periodic complex waves
sine waves, waves created by most musical instruments
60
Aperiodic waves have cycles of …..
They are random vibration and repeatable pattern
different length
61
Examples of aperiodic waves
```
noise (most natural sounds)
ocean,
Leaves rustling
dishes clattering
clap snare drum (lack of perceived single frequency)
```
62
When an aperiodic signal produces a noise of short duration, it is considered…..
(transient/ continuous signals)
transient
63
Examples of transient signals
dropping a book
clicking your tongue
one clap of your hands
64
Examples of continuous signals
hiss, wind blowing , paper rustling
65
Sub-type signals of aperiodic waves
Transient & continuous signals
66
In normal speech, …… acts as a source of periodic sound
the larynx
67
Voice is treated as ……….. wave
complex periodic wave
| quasiperodic
68
In whispered speech, the larynx acts as a source of ……. sound
aperiodic
69
……… can provide sources of aperiodic sound
Articulators
70
Speech sounds that are catogorized as periodic
Vowels/ diphthongs
Nasals
Liquids
Glides
(All create resonance within yhe vocal tract > repeatable signal)
71
Aperiodic speech sounds
Fricqtives, africates, stops/plosives
| Produced by constriction of an airway with the articulators creating a noisy sound
72
Speech sounds categorized as both or mixed periodic and aperiodic and why?
Voiced fritcatives, affricates and stops
because voicing has a periodic feature
73
Speech sounds categorized as continuous sounds
```
vowels/ diphthongs
Nasals
Liquids
Glides
Fricatives
```
74
Speech sounds categorized as transient sounds
stops/ plosives
| Affricates
75
Interference occurs when
waves are combined
- frequency generated from 2 sources
- reflected from a barrier and competing with itself
76
Types of interference
constructive & destructive interference
77
What is constructive interference?
when the net effect of the interaction of 2 or more wave > a new wave with a larger amplitude
78
What is destructive interference?
when the net effect of the interaction of 2 or more wave > a new wave with a lower amplitude
79
Boundaries are
the inteface between 2 mediums
80
The nature of the boundary ….. the sound.
influences
81
Possible boundary behaviors:
reflection (bouncing backwards off a boundary)
diffraction (bending around an obstacle without going through a boundary)
transmission (going through a boundary)
82
Reflection of sound waves off of surfaces can lead to 1 of 2 phenomena
an echo or a reverberation
83
Reverberation is determined by
the size of a room (physical vol.) and amount of acoustic reflection
84
Early reverberation …… speech perception since …..
Critical distance
enhances/ they arrive soon enough to be integrated with the direct sound
~ 8 ft.
85
Late reverberation arrives ….. to
too late to be integrated with the direct signal or the early reverberation components (more than 0.1 of a second)
86
The ……. the reverberation time (RT), the more …… speech is
longer/ unintelligible
87
If the level of reverberationis still high enough, they …..
interfere with the direct sound by creating masking
88
Echos occur when
a reflected sound wave reaches the ear more then 0.1 seconds after the original sound wave was heard
1st sound will have died out
2nd sound arrival perceived as the second sound rather than the prolonging like reverberation
89
Fundamental frequency is
the basic frequency of a vibrating body
the lowest frequency contained in a complex periodic waveform
90
Abbreviation of fundamental frequency
F-zero or F-nought
91
A sound’s fundamental frequency is the main info telling your ear …..
how low or how high a frequency is (pitch)
92
Harmonics
complex waveforms +more than 1 frequency of vibration
93
Fundamental frequency is …… harmonic
first
94
A resonator is
sth set into a forced vibration by another vibration
95
2kinds of resonators
1. Mechanical resonators
| 2. Acoustic resonators
96
Key characteristics of a resonator
- it does not initiate the vibration energy
- vibration created elsewhere
- vibration forces the resonator to vibrate in sympathy
97
Resonance is
The tendency of a body to vibrate more readily @certain frequencies
98
Natural frequency is influenced by mechanical characteristics of the object, including
stiffness
mass
length
included air vol
99
Objects that act as filters …..
add or subtract from the complex input waveform
100
Acoustical resonator
Enclosed container that the air is inside is set into vibration
101
Examples of acoustic resonators in our body
the vocal tract & ear canals
102
Any tube with one closed end and one open end, are called
quater-wave resonators
103
Difference between waveform and line (power) spectrum
Waveform: time (x-axis) and amplitude (y-axis)
Line (power) spectrum: Amplitude & frequency > snapshot
104
The spectogram is
graphic representation of sound in terms of their component frequencies
105
Horizontal axis (x) of spectogram
time
106
Vertical axis (y) of spectogram
frequency
107
Darkness in spectogram shows
Intensity of each frequency
108
2types of band spectogram
wide band
| narrow band
109
Wide band
combines harmonics
| vocal fold pulses show as vertical lines
110
Narrow band
individual harmonics
formant displayed horizontally
no vocal pulses shown
