Spinal Cord and Meninges

Question 1

What is the CNS comprised of?

Answer 1

brain

spinal cord

Question 2

What part of the CNS connects the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 2

brain stem

Question 3

What makes up the brain stem?

Answer 3

medulla oblangata

pons

Question 4

What covers the brain, spinal cord, and brain stem and contains CSF?

Answer 4

meninges

Question 5

What is contained in the meninges?

Answer 5

CSF

Question 6

Are afferent structures sensory/motor?

Answer 6

sensory

Question 7

Are efferent structures sensory/motor?

Answer 7

motor

Question 8

What are the different structures within the sensory/afferent spinal cord/nerves?

Answer 8

dorsal horn
dorsal root ganglia
ascending corticospinal pathways
axons from body traveling to dorsal root and dorsal horn

Question 9

What are the different structures within the motor/efferent spinal cord/nerves?

Answer 9

ventral horn
lateral horn
descending corticospinal pathways
axons from ventral and lateral horn traveling out to body

Question 10

Do the dorsal and ventral horn contains gray or white matter?

Answer 10

gray

Question 11

What makes up the gray matter in the dorsal and ventral horns?

Answer 11

cell bodies

unmeylinated

Question 12

Do the ascending and descending corticospinal pathways contain gray or white matter?

Answer 12

white

Question 13

What makes up the white matter in the ascending and descending corticospinal pathways?

Answer 13

myelinated axons

Question 14

Where do axons travel from and to in afferent structures?

Answer 14

from body to dorsal root and dorsal horn

Question 15

Where do axons travel from and to in efferent structures?

Answer 15

from ventral and lateral horn to body

Question 16

Which roots are in the spinal cord?

Answer 16

mix of dorsal and ventral

Question 17

Is the intervertebral disk ventral or dorsal?

Answer 17

ventral

Question 18

number of nerves in the cervical vertebra

Answer 18

8 (C1-C8)

Question 19

number of nerves in the thoracic vertebra

Answer 19

12 (T1-T12)

Question 20

number of nerves in the lumbar vertebra

Answer 20

5 (L1-L5)

Question 21

number of nerves in the sacral vertebra

Answer 21

5 (S1-S4)

5th sacral and coccygeal nerves pass through the sacral hiatus

Question 22

What protects the spinal cord?

Answer 22

vertebrae
ligaments (hold vertebrae together)
muscles (stabilize)
CSF

Question 23

How do the meninges protect the spinal cord

Answer 23

absorb shock

Question 24

How many segments/pairs of spinal nerves?

Answer 24

31 pairs

Question 25

outermost meningeal layer

Answer 25

dura mater

Question 26

middle meningeal layer

Answer 26

arachnoid mater

Question 27

innermost meningeal layer

Answer 27

pia mater

Question 28

Where is CSF found?

Answer 28

subarachnoid space

Question 29

Purpose of the denticulate ligament

Answer 29

anchor SC to dura mater - keeps it in place

Question 30

what is the toughest meningeal layer?

Answer 30

dura mater

Question 31

paired extensions of pia mater that attach to the arachnoid and dura mater

Answer 31

denticulate (tooth-like)

Question 32

What do the denticulate ligaments anchor?

Answer 32

spinal cord laterally in the dural sac

Question 33

Where are the denticulate ligaments as they leave the dural sac?

Answer 33

run between the ventral and dorsal rootlets of SC

Question 34

contents of epidural space

Answer 34

extradural adipose tissue (fat) | internal vertebral venous plexus (Batson's plexus)

Question 35

contents of subdural space

Answer 35

- potential space between dura and arachnoid mater | - may be opened due to trauma/disease (subdural hematoma)

Question 36

contents of subarachnoid space

Answer 36

spinal veins and arteries CSF arachnoid trabeculae

Question 37

located from C5-T1 | gives rise to cervical plexus and brachial plexus

Answer 37

cervical enlargement

Question 38

What are the cervical and brachial plexus?

Answer 38

groupings of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves

Question 39

located in L1-S2 | gives rise to lumbar plexus and sacral plexus

Answer 39

lumbar enlargement

Question 40

What are the lumbar plexus and sacral plexus?

Answer 40

groupings of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves

Question 41

what are the 5 major anatomical features of the SC?

Answer 41

``` conus medullaris filum terminale internum filum terminale externum lumbar cistern cauda equina ```

Question 42

terminal end of the SC (L1-L2 level)

Answer 42

conus medullaris

Question 43

pia mater extending from tip of conus medullaris to end of dural sac

Answer 43

filum terminale internum

Question 44

all dural layers fused together | anchors dural sac in sacrum; extradural

Answer 44

filum teminale externum

Question 45

enlargement of subarachnoid space from L2-S2

Answer 45

lumbar cistern

Question 46

L2-S5 and Co spinal nerve roots that form structure that looks like a horse tail in the lumbar cistern

Answer 46

cauda equina

Question 47

What causes the formation of cauda equina?

Answer 47

differential growth of spinal cord and vertebral column

Question 48

where can the conus medullaris be located?

Answer 48

anywhere in T12-L3

Question 49

rare but serious disorder in which the spinal nerve roots that comprise the _____ ___ become compressed and cause a characteristic pattern of neuromuscular and urogenital symptoms (gradual onset)

Answer 49

cauda equina

Question 50

Segmented spinal arteries arise from: (3)

Answer 50

subclavian artery descending aorta internal iliac artery

Question 51

What are the 3 arteries that arise from the subclavian artery?

Answer 51

vertebral artery ascending cervical artery deep cervical artery

Question 52

What are the 2 arteries that arise from the descending aorta?

Answer 52

posterior intercostal artery | lumbar artery

Question 53

What artery arises from the internal iliac artery?

Answer 53

lateral sacral artery

Question 54

The segmented spinal arteries contribute to arteries that run longitudinally from the brain stem to the conus medullaris: (2)

Answer 54

anterior spinal artery | paired posterior spinal artery

Question 55

Which artery does the anterior spinal artery arise from?

Answer 55

vertebral artery

Question 56

Which artery do the paired posterior spinal arteries arise from?

Answer 56

vertebral artery or cerebellar artery

Question 57

What happens to the segmented spinal arteries once they enter the intervertebral foramina?

Answer 57

split into anterior (2) and posterior (3) radicular arteries

Question 58

What the the anterior and posterior radicular arteries supply?

Answer 58

dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord

Question 59

The segmented spinal arteries give off which arteries | that anastomose?

Answer 59

segmental medullary arteries (4) | anterior spinal artery (5)

Question 60

What is the largest segmental medullary artery?

Answer 60

radicularis magna (artery of Ademkiewicz)

Question 61

Where does the radicularis magna arise and what does it supply?

Answer 61

lower thoracic or upper lumber region | supplies lower spinal cord including lumbar enlargement