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Sponges Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Are sponges unicellular or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

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2
Q

What are sponges?

A

Colonies of feeding cells

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3
Q

Most habitats that sponges are found in are…

A

Marine

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4
Q

T/F: Some sponges can be found in some freshwater habitats

A

True!

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5
Q

What is feeding mode?

A

Active filtering using cilia to create water flow (through filter pumps)

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6
Q

What is growth form?

A

Upright or encrusted on solid substrates

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7
Q

Sponges’ phylum is called what?

A

Porifera

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8
Q

Are sponges true animals?

A

Sort of. They are known as Parazoa while all other animals are referred to as Eumetazoa

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9
Q

T/F: Sponges have organs, sensory systems and tissues

A

False! They have none of these

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10
Q

Sponges have ___________ cells

A

Specialized

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11
Q

T/F: Individual cells cannot survive independently

A

False! They totally can

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12
Q

Sponges are considered as an _____________ link between colonial protozoans and the eumetazoans in regards to _________ structure and Ribosomal RNA ___________.

A
  1. Evolutionary
  2. Physical
  3. Analysis
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13
Q

FITB: Fossils of sponges date back to the early __________ period

A

Cambrian

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14
Q

T/F: Sponges have an intermediate stage in specialization, complexity, and functional anatomy

A

True!

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15
Q

Sponges are built to create a ________ _____ through the body in order to filter food from the water

A

Water flow

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16
Q

What is food?

A

Organic particles & living plankton within an appropriate size range

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17
Q

FITB: Mass of cells embedded in gelatinous __________ supported by rigid _______ and protein fibers (_______ and spongin)

A
  1. Mesohyl
  2. Spicules
  3. Collagen
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18
Q

Pinacocytes are what type of cells?

A

Skin

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19
Q

Choanocytes are filtering ________ cells

A

Collar

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20
Q

Archaeocytes are ______ and have many __________

A
  1. Ameboid
  2. Functions
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21
Q

Water enters through multiple ________

A

Ostia

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22
Q

Ostia passes through porocytes and other canals to central spongocoel, and exits through ________

A

Osculum

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23
Q

Water flow through sponges is driven by flagella of the __________ cells

A

Choanocytes

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24
Q

What type of shape do sponges have?

A

Spherical

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25
Increasing complexity probably indicates.... ?
Increasing filtering efficiency
26
The simplest type of sponge is called a __________
Asconoid
27
The second simplest type of sponge is called a ________
Synconoid
28
The most complex type of sponge is called a ____________
Leuconoid
29
What type of symmetry do sponges have? (2 options)
1. Radial (cylindrical) 2. Asymmetrical
30
What body plans in sponges have radial symmetry? Hint: A_______oid & Sy_______noid
1. Asconoid 2. Synconoid
31
A sponge's skeleton is made of ______ fibrils and ________
1. Collagen 2. Spicules
32
T/F: Leuconoid "bath sponges" do not secrete a form of collagen traditionally known as spongin
False! They do!
33
T/F: Leuconoid bath sponges have spicules
False! They do not
34
T/F: Spicules are secreted by specialized cells in the mesohyl
True
35
FITB: Spicules are made of ______ or _________ __________ depending on the species
1. Silica 2. Calcium Carbonate
36
T/F: Spicules are not made of mineral material and are living
False; they are made of mineral material and they are non-living
37
Choanocytes are _______ collar cells
Flagellated
38
T/F: Choanocytes are structurally and genetically similar to choanoflagellate protozoans
True!
39
What are Pinacocytes?
Epithelial-like cells on exterior and some interior surfaces; some are contractile
40
Archeocytes are what?
Amoeboid cells in the mesohyl; ingest food; can differentiate into other cell types
41
Sclerocyte cells secrete what non-living structure?
Spicules
42
Spongocyte cells secrete what material?
Spongin
43
Collencytes secrete what?
Collagen
44
TOT: In digestion intracellular processes, collar cells take in/get rid of food to food vacuoles
Take in
45
Respiration and excretion is done via what process? Hint: Moving from a higher gradient to a lower gradient
Diffusion
46
TOT: Contractile vacuoles present in archaeocytes and choanocytes are found in marine/freshwater sponges?
Freshwater
47
What are the 2 types of asexual reproduction that occur in sponges called? 1. ______ formation 2. _________ followed by regeneration
1. Bud 2. Fragmentation
48
What are the 2 types of buds called? 1. _________ buds 2. _________ (also known as internal buds)
1. External 2. Gemmules
49
What are the 2 main functions of a gemmule?
1. Resistant life stage with a protective covering 2. Can survive through adverse environmental conditions
50
Are most sponges monoecious or dioecious?
Monoecious (everything in 1 house)
51
What does monoecious mean?
Sponges that have both male and female sex cells in one individual
52
T/F: Sperm cells are not transformed choanocytes
False; they are!
53
What are Oocytes?
Egg cells
54
T/F: Oocyte egg cell origins vary among species
True!
55
What method is used for sexual reproduction for sponges (typically)?
Broadcast Fertilization
56
Broadcast fertilization occurs when most species take in _______ from exterior and fertilize internally, larva hatches internally
Sperm
57
T/F: Other species broadcast (sexually reproduce) through both sperm and oocytes
True!
58
Zygotes (fertilized egg cells) hatch into parenchymula (solid-bodied _______), which swims and settles elsewhere
Larva
59
Inversion sexual reproduction: After fertilization, hollow ___________ forms, then inverts to become amphiblastula
Blastula
60
What are the 3 main classes of sponges?
1. Calcarea 2. Hexactinellida 3. Demospongiae
61
Out of the 3 main types of sponges, which one is the most diverse? A. Calcarea B. Hexactinellida C. Demospongiae
C
62
T/F: Demospongiae have calcium carbonate
False
63
T/F: Demospongiae have silicious spicules, spongin, or both
True
64
Demospongiae includes the only family of marine/freshwater sponges?
Freshwater; however most Demospongiae are marine
65
T/F: The Leuconoid canal system is found in the Demospongiae group and is very diverse in many ways
True!
66
Calcarea have calcareous _________
Spicules
67
T/F: The Class Calcarea includes species with asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid canal systems
True
68
T/F: The Class Calcarea are the only extant (opposite of extinct) class with the asconoid canal system
True
69
T/F: The Class Hexactinellida is not structurally different from the other two classes
False!
70
Is the Class Hexactinellida six-rayed siliceous spicules fused into a rigid structure flexible/not flexible?
Not flexible
71
The Class Hexactinellida body consists of a continuous _______ tissue, with other cell types enclosed
Syncytial

Zoology (13 decks)

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