Ss 2 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Define infection
Disease
Clinical disease
Serology
A
Organism ID without lesions = infection
•Organism ID + lesion = disease (clinical or subclinical)
•Organism ID + lesion + clinical signs = clinical disease
•Serology = gives a history of exposure but says nothing about disease status
2
Q
Spinal Shock
A
T3 -L3 - flaccid below the level of spinal lesion
Loss of reflexes below the lesion
3
Q
Which ones are more susceptible to injury: large myelinated fibers for proprioception or small, unmyelinated fibers for nociception
A
The large myelinated fibers
4
Q
Intervertebral disc extrusion
A
Degeneration of the nucleus proposes, mostly genetic
FGF4 retrogene
-CFA12 is gene for short and disc degen w/ chondroid Metaplasia
Cartilaginous nucleus pulposus that push’s tear the annulus → compression
-CFA18 short legs
5
Q
Secondary progressive myelomalacia occurs w
A
Ivde
What is the loss of pelvic reflexes followed by perennial and annual tone
Also loss of thoracic, limb function, Horner syndrome, and respiratory pattern
When this happens euthanasia
6
Q
Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE)
A
Piece of fibrocartilage disc that embolizes the spinal cord vasculature
- forces on ventral column to break off
- blocks arterial supply to spinal cord
No compression
7
Q
Hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion
A
- yes compression possibly
Non painful
Partially hydrated disc material in spinal cord
Hyper-intense disc material on MRI
8
Q
Compressive vs contusion
A
Contusion is caused by acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion
- it is inflammation associated with pressure to the spinal cord
Compression is when the canal is narrowed
-IVDE, IVDP, poS HNPE
9
Q
Intradural/Intramedullary Intervertebral disc extrusion (IIVDE)and Traumatic Disc
A
IIvde: version of acute non-compressive nucleus pilposus extrusion where the disc material penetrates the dura and the spinal cord up into the parenchyma
10
Q
Intramedullary hypointensity ventral to spinal cord
A
ANNpe
11
Q
Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis
A
Bony proliferation or transitional vert or OCD lesion that DISTURBS LUMBOSACRAL NERVE ROOTS @L7-S1
Electrodiagnostics
12
Q
Degenerative myelopathy
A
SOD1 mutation cause axon degeneration and loss of myelin sheath if homozygous
T3 to L3, asymmetric non-painful progresses, caudally
In the late stage, it is in the thoracic limb
13
Q
Most common Primary Brain tumors
A
Meningioma
60% cats 18 days survival
50% dog 2 months survival with surgery it’s 10 months
**cats do better and live longer w surgery resection
It is extra axial because it comes from the meninges, but it also has a lot of contract with the brain causing central vestibular signs
Definitive=biopsy
14
Q
Most common secondary tumor that causes focal brain signs
A
Pituitary tumor that is hyperadrenocortism -> increase acth -> inc adrenal gland -> Cushing bc endogenous steroid
15
Q
What extends into supraorbital fossa
A
Corporate process of mandible
16
Q
The orbital fissure contains
A
CN III [oculomotor]
CN IV [trochlear]
CNV1 [ophthalmic of trigeminal]
CN VI [abducens]
17
Q
What is bony orbital rim?
A
Pterygopalatine fossa which is the eye
And supraorbital fossa is different with coronoid process of mandible
18
Q
space between the two eyelids when the eye is at least partially open
A
Palpebral fissure
19
Q
levator palpebrae superioris
A
Occulomotor
Raises upper lid when the eye looks up
20
Q
3rd eyelid is
A
Cartilage surrounded by connective tissue and anchored in median canthus → lymphoid tissue
Under sympathetic tone so when eye is
Retracted back 3rd eyelid comes
21
Q
Tears move
A
From dorsolateral lacrimal duct → medial canthus →lacrimal caruncle ->
Lacrimal punta/ canaliculi → nasolacrimal duct
22
Q
Abocens innovates
A
Lateral rictus
23
Q
Occulomoter
A
Dorsal rictus
Medial rictus
Ventral oblique
Ventral rictus
levator palpebrae superioris - elevates upper lid
part of retractor bulbi
24
Q
Eye blood
A
Maxillary a _
external ophthalmic a
25
Auriculopalpebras nerve
Facial n that is for orbicularis oculi
26
extend from ciliary processes to the lens, suspending it and functioning in accommodation of the lens (“focusing”)
Zonular fibers
When zonular fibers don't attach the lens falls
27
What has eye color
Iris from ciliary body and sclera
Smooth muscle = autonomic control
28
Unpigmented part of choroid is
Tapedum lucidum
29
Fundus
The fundus is the internal portion of the globe visible through the pupil via an ophthalmoscope. Note the optic disc and the retinal vessels.
30
the junction of the visual and non-visual retina caused by the sudden thinning of the tissue as rods and cones are lost
Ora serrata
31
What chamber is posterior to lens
Vitreous chamber the is avascular
32
Movement of aqueous humor made by the ciliary epithelium
Clogging causes
Posterior chamber → anterior chamber → returns to venous circulation via spaces of Fontana at iridocorneal angle
Clogging causes glaucoma
33
Nervous tunic is
Nervous tunic
– pars optica retinae only visual part
– pars ceca retinae
(posterior epithelium on iris and ciliary body)
– direct outgrowth
of developing brain
34
Most common vertebral anomalies are in
T7 - t 12
In pugs+ bulldogs
35
Spina bifida : Meningocele vs myelomeningolocele
Meningocele: the meninges protrude
Myelomeningolocele: the spinal cord and the neural structures protrude with the meninges
36
Caudal articular process dysplasia
Happens in the T 13 to T 10 region on the coddle aspect, where it is hypo, plastic or a plastic
BEST ON CT
There are other associated diseases that you can treat, but you can’t treat caudal articular process dysplasia
37
Malformation of the skull and craniocervical Junction
Chari like malformation (skull flattens cerebellum and makes it herniate) and syringomyelia (dilated spinal cord that is hyperintense)
The bone is abnormal in the sphenoid and basisphenoid
38
Meningomyelitis
Meningitis - affects meninges
Myelitis affect spinal cord
Usually not infectious-
- inflammatory
39
Classic side for steroid, responsive, meningitis arteritis
Nucleophilic, pleocytosis
Non-degenerative. Neutrophils.
In the CSF
40
Which small animal myelopathy will do well even without deep pain sensation
Sacrocaudal luxation in cats treated with rest and analgesia or tail amputation
Where they may be paralyzed, or have decreased anal tone incontinence
Often outdoor cats
41
The third eyelid is held in retraction, because of the smooth muscle, and sympathetic control of
Orbitalis
42
4 things to assess with large animal neuro exam
Gait
Sensorium
-Mentation= ARAS -ASCENDING RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM or -behavior =forebrain
CN
Postural reaction
43
Lip tone vs Jaw tone
Open eye vs close eye
Lip tone is CN 7 and jaw tone is CN5
Open eye CN 3
Close eye with CN 7
44
CSF collection in
Lumbosacral junction or Atlantoaxial junction
45
What do use for meningeal worm treatment?
Dewormers would be ivermectin and fenbemdazole
46
Most common Calving paralysis
Sciatic syndrome
Damage of ventral nerve roots in the lumbosacral plexus
47
Thoracolumbar spinal cord compression vs. Lumbosacral compression in epidural space
Thoracolumbar spinal cord compression causes knuckling in the pelvic limbs
Lumbosacral compression in epidural space causes paresis in the pelvic looms
48
Do does blood work and systemic diagnostics help identify focal brain disease
No, you have to identify a brain disease that is focal with imaging and CSF
Unless it is a focal bacterial brain infection when there might be fever
49
Primary brain tumors can be ones that arise within the brain. They are focal and neoplastic.
Meningiomas are extra axial,
Intra-axial gliomas, choroid plexus tumors
50
Forebrain tumors cause
Brainstem tumors cause
Forebrain tumors cause seizures and behavioral
Brainstem tumors cause vestibular signs
51
Pigs only have
The dorsal lacrimal puncta and caruncle
They also dont have a tapetum lucidum which is the unpigmented reflective layer
52
Why do we have to keep the corneal stroma dehydrated
Because the cornea is a modified skin that only remains transperant if it is dehydrated
This is kept by corneal epithelium which has tight junctions and the corneal endothelium that pumps out the fluid from stroma to anterior chamber
Keratoconjuctivitis seca is when the eyes get too dry wo protection to cornea epithelium—> opaque cornea
53
External/fibrous tunic: Cornea and sclera made of
Cornea is make of modified skin
Sclera is made of collagen fibers
- episcelera is what connects the eyeball to the capsule
The switch is the limbus
54
What is the retina nourished by
Choroid and vitreous humor
55
Layers of the eye
The external tunic has the cornea, the limbus, and sclera
The vascular tunic or uvea has the
- iris with anterior surface (with fibroblast and melanocytes) and posterior surface (w pigmented epithelial cell),
-ciliary body,
-filtration angle [bw cornea and iris],
-choroid
- tapetum lucidum [not in pig]
Internal tunic
- Visual retina is the the optic disc @optic nerve till ora ciliaris (where the ciliary body in the vascular tunic begins)
- Non-visual is from the ora ciliaris retinae to the tip of posterior iris
56
A short wavelength or high frequency is
High energy
57
The eye is derived from the
The neurectoderm/brain is the nerves and the retina
The uvea/vascular tunic and the external tunic both come from mesoderm
58
Even if its neuralgic must have
Rabies on differential
59
3 forms of rabies
Dumb form
Furious form
Paralytic form
They change over time
60
Most common Equine foal encephalopathy - behavioral disorder
Most common is neonatal encephalopathy non-infectious near signs
61
In a photoreceptor (primary receptor that is a modified bipolar neuron)
There is the outer segment that has the photo pigment hitch is different in rods and 3 in cones [It has retinol and the opsinin which is a transmembrane protein ]
Inner segment with mitochondria
Nucleus
And synaptic body that releases glutamate to bipolar cells
62
Ganglion cells get it:
It goes to the inner plexiform where it is the ganglion cells, bipolar cells and amacrine
The the inner nuclear which is the bipolar cells, amacrine and horizontal cells
The the outer plexiform which is the bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and the photoreceptor.
1st :The the outer nuclear layer which is the rods and cones [pass to the outer plexiform] by change in opsin which sends signal to close Na channels → depolarized and release glutamine
→ activate the outer plexiform
63
Sympathetic to the eye
Cervical spinal nerve
Parasymparheic: is occulomotor nerve
Sensory: trigeminal
64
Lateral rectus.
Cn 6
65
Eyes are located in front of head for
Predators _ better depth
66
In predator the lateral/peripheral view is in_______ retina
Nasal retina and it does cross over so acut@ optic chasm means no peripheral predator vision
But for prey it means no vision
67
Cut in optic nerve on left side means
Predator - a bit from the right and left visual field is lost
Prey - all of the left field is lost
68
5 core horse vaccine
West nile virus
Eastern equine encephalitis
western equine encephalitis
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Rabies
69
Small ruminant lentivirus
Causes arthritis in old goat
Encephalitis in young goats
Pneumonia in sheep
70
Absorbable suture
Loss of tensile strength 60-90 days
Phagocytoses by macrophages
71
Absorbable suture
Multi more absorbent in this than mono
72
Multi -absorbable
Multi:
IF dont need tensile strength to last long- mucosa
- Catgut (not uniform ; pig gut - very reactive to tissue)
- Chromic gut (reduce tissue inflam)
73
Braided multifilament and soft
Vicryl polyglactin 910
74
Non absorbable suture :>60 days tensile strength
Silk -braided , high tissue reactivity
Nylon (polyamide)!!!!-monofilamnt
- Ethilon ; natural suture material
- synthetic
Prolene (polypropylene) -monofilament, tendon ligament, thick tissue and not reactive!
- a lot of memory so not good handling
75
Where is needle attached to suture?
Swage End
76
For thick and tough tissue which needle suture to use
The reverse cutting- less drag and less fatigue
- with multiple sides of blade
77
Synopthalmia
Duplication of interocular structure
78
Keratomalacia
Corneal alter is secondarily infected
79
Cerebrovascular diseases
What is the most common in dog and cat
It s when there is change in blood supply (ie. FCE or rheologic syndrome for viscosity) Most common is stroke which signs persist over 24 hrs but dont get worse
80
Stroke vs transient ischemic attack
Stoke signs persist but dont worsen after 24 hrs
TIA - signs get better in under 24 hrs
81
5 territorial arteries in brain: which is the most common for infarct with abberant cuterebra
The middle cerebral artery for feline ischemic encephalopathy
82
Meningoencephalitis most common cause in small animal is
Immune mediated
Ie.
83
How not to diagnose vs not to:
Focal brain disease (like PBT, Brain abscess, crypto, Cerebrovascular diseases)
Multifocal Inflammatory
Focal Brain : Use advanced imaging (CT/MRI/CSF) no systemic signs
Multifocal brain disease (meningoencephalitis -infectious and immune): Must use more than normal imaging & CSF to rule out inflammatory or neurodegenerative dx : use MRI, CSF, serology, genetic
84
Amphotericin and fuconazole and flucytosine are treatments for
Fungal cryptococcus :
- ocular/dermal/lymphatic and resp signs before CNS signs
Gelatinous psuedo cyst with crypt in brain or intraparenchymal granauloma meningitis
85
Most common cause of feline neurological disease
Feline infectious peritonitis
86
Most fractures in horse head is a
Open fracture basinus
Bg
and less blood supply to bone
87
With oral fracture there is a LOT of salivation: horses vs cattle
Electrolyceloss
horses lose Cl >> alkalosis
cattle lose Na and bicarb >> acidosis
88
In a horse which type of fracture is more common
Mandible over maxilla
Usually only one ramus/unilateral
Incisors are involved
89
Fractures in a horse head
Fractures in a horse rostral to the premolars are better
Open fractures usually
Foals heal better
90
Most common anomaly associated with brain disease clinical signs
Congenital hydrocephalus
-mesencephalic aquaduct in small animal
91
Phototransduction
Opsin absorbs the photon -> G protein activates inside the shelf -> signal CLOSES Na channel and hyper-polarization -> no glutamate release
RATE OF ACTION POTENTIAL GOES DOWN WHEN LIGHT HITS
92
Rule of thirds for MUE
1/3 die in month
1/3 have near prob but clinical sign improve
1/3 a lot -improve
93
Are idiopathic cranial neuropathy safe?
 yes none are life threatening
Self limiting
94
Bilateral jaw drop and inability to close mouth With unilateral temporalis atrophy
Unilateral jaw/facial droop + dry lacrimal
Bilateral temporalis atrophy and cant open mouth
Bilateral jaw drop and inability to close mouth (mouth is open) With unilateral temporalis atrophy - trigeminal neuritis
Unilateral jaw/facial droop + dry lacrimal - facial nerve
Bilateral temporalis atrophy and cant open mouth - mastication myositis 2M
95
Most common cause of
Inflammatory spinal cord disease in dogs
Steroid responsive meningitis arteritis -younge large
96
Seizure goal
One every a 2 months
97
Cluster seizure
Morethan one seizure a day
98
Behavior modification for horses
No phenothiazine : Chlorpromazine and Fluphenazine and Reserpine - NEVER IN HORSES
Only Fluoxitine SSRI and Trazodone SARI
99
Collie Eye Anomaly
Due to posterior coloboma
Choroid hypopigmentation and hypoplasia
Retinal detachment
Microopthalmia
100
Canine Cornea disease keratitis
Canine ulcerative keratitis - when there is haired skin irritating, entropion, KCS (KCS also in pugs)
Canine persistent ulcer- the epithelium doesn’t attach to stroma
Canine pannus keratitis - Pan moves from Linus to the center of the cornea —> bilateral bc immune ; immunosuppressive
101
Pink eye in bovine
Moraxella bovis- infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (more serious necrosis aka corneal ulcer causes bigger prob) which causes keratomalacia -CORNEA
Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis - because of herpes virus and organs affected W CONJUCTIVA
102
What feline disease can cause corneal and episcelera infections
Feline herpes virus -chlamydophila
Keratitis and conjunctivitis
103
Habronemiasis
Is a parasite that is deposit in the conjuctiva of a horse
104
Placoclastic uveitis vs phacolytic uveitis
Phacolytic= is when the lens fluid leaks which is highly antigenic bc cataracts
Phacoclastic= is when there is a rupture and the fluid leaks due to diabetic cataracts or trauma
105
NGE
Modular Granduloma Episcleritis
Int the conjuctiva and episcelera (outer ) and with macrophage/lymphocytes/fibroblast/ plasma
106
Blindness in the horses commonly
Equine recurrent Uveitis
107
Most common reason for enucleation in dog and cat is when there is disruption in flow of aqueous humor
Glaucoma
Dog>cat> horses
Caused by lens luxation
108
Nuclear sclerosis vs Cataract
Both lose lens opacity but
Cataract is the degeneration of the lens fibers [existing ones mess up] ie swelling due to diabetics
Nuclear sclerosis is when the lens epithelium becomes the lens fibers at equator and too much lens fibers are there with age
109
Define this:
Peridial fibrovascular membrane
Goniodysgenesis
Buphthalmos
Pupillary block
Define this:
Peridial fibrovascular membrane- causes 2ndary glaucoma by blocking the filtration angle as a trabecular occlusion
Goniodysgenesis - lack of the trabecular mesh work at the angle - primary glaucoma
Buphthalmos - when the eye protrudes out bc of pressure of the aqueous humor - cause KCS
Pupillary block - secondary glaucoma because of anterior lens luxation or putter of the lens (phacoclastic)
110
Primary occular sarcoma
A malignant tumor in the cat intraocular where the epithelial lens becomes mesenchymal cells due to trauma
111
Hypoglycemia
Hyponatremia
Hypocalcemia
Hypoglycemia - not enough glucose for NA/K pump
Hyponatremia - intracellular NA relatively more bring in water and is depolarized
Hypocalcemia - Na channel stays open because not along with Calcium
Mycotoxin - act like glutamate which opens up the calcium or sodium channels
Organophosphates - inhibit the inhibitor of Acetylcholine so open Na channel (Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor)
Pyrethrin - bind to the Na inactivation gate before it close and fix it in open
112
Things that cause too little inhibition channels that cause seizures
4 -Aminopyridine - block the Potassium channel and not let out K +
Strychnine- (Inhibits the inhibitors) doesn’t allow Inhibitor glycine to bind the chloride receptors
Bicuculline- (competitively binds the channels and opens chloride) binds to chloride channels associated with gaba
113
Stuctural epilepsy signalment
Very young and very old
With neurologic deficits
Cluster seizures more common in structural
114
If dog 6mo to 6 years old with a normal inter-ictal exam with single seizires >24 hrs apart
Idiopathic Epilepsy at Tier 1
Most common neuro disease in dogs
Dont need brain MRI
115
Phenobarbital can induce
Hepatic failure and blood changes
It may also lead to superficial necrolytic dermatitis - which is when the liver not produce aminoacids-ultrasound nodules
It can cause induction when liver metabolize more via CYP450 in 3 month recheck
Add KBr or Switch ONLY if maxed out the drug
DONT give if liver issues
- use impeiton if liver or kidney issues
116
Anti Seizure Drug that doesn’t use GABA
Levetiracetam- long acting
- sure for idiopathic if clusters
For structural its better
Zonisamide -bind to na channel on axon and made it hard for NA in
- also hard for CA in by binding to channel
117
Propofol > Benzidiazepems
If 3 rounds
If liver fail
If toxin seizure
118
If cluster seizure that is ideopathic:
Intranasal midazolam or rectal diazepam
Then ASD like Levetiracetam at a pulse therapy if cluster seizures >2 mo apart
119
Preictal
Prodrome- where there is motor or sensory behavior change
Aura - sensation that precedes where EEG is weird
If EEG taken w spike and MRI and age range and bile acids ->Tier 3
120
Prognosis for traumatic brain injury that affects consciousness
Forebrain and cerebellar injury better than other areas
With DAILY MONITOR • SACS of 8 at admission associated with 50%
probability of survival at 48 hours of survival
• Post-traumatic epilepsy possible secondary complication complication
Start wl ↑cbf with fluids
The ↓ icp and ich with decompressive craniotomy and pi’s mannitol/furosemide or
Supportive tx
121
Subfalcine herniation
Happen bc the lesion cross falx cerebri that divides the brain sides
122
Ich when the ICP really high
CBP =mABP -ICP
123
Clomipramine
TCA
124
Cats and benzodiazepam
No oral diazepam bc hepatic necrosis
125
Ruminant brain disease cardinal signs : blindness, Mental depression, seizures, dementia
Blindness: Lesions located in the thalamus, occipital cortex or internal capsule. Contralateral loss of menace (important to rule out other causes)
§ Mental depression: dullness, stupor and on occasion coma can be caused by diffuse cerebral or serious frontal, temporal lobe lesions
§ Seizures: abnormal spontaneous discharges from the forebrain that cause paroxysmal involuntary movements
§ Dementia: subtle behavioral changes (not recognizing owner, unable to perform regular routines as walking on a halter) to more grave behaviors like compulsive licking, walking, fear, hypersensitivity, aggression and vocalization derive from temporal, frontal lobe lesions (if signs are asymmetric such as walking to one side it is usually to the side of the lesion)
126
Cranial Abscessation Syndrome
Arcanobacterium pyogenes Loss of fear and coordination- blind weak
