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SS 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Corneal ulcer vs erosion

A

Ulcer is full thickness
You will see
- blepharospasm (squint) and epiphora (tears)
- local edema
.- conjunctival hyperemia (excess of vessels supplying eye ) and chemosis (swelling of tissue)
-Ocular discharge with color depending on secondary infection

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2
Q

Exophthalmus vs. buophthalmus

A

Exophthalmos is a normal-sized globe that is being pushed forward by a space occupying lesion in the orbit, most commonly a retrobulbar abscess/cellulitis or neoplasia. Buphthalmos, on the other hand, is a normally-positioned globe that is enlarged due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), i.e., glaucoma.

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3
Q

Test for KCS dry eye

A

Schemer tear test

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4
Q

What do you have to do when treating ulcer in cornea

A

Schemer Tear test and find underlying cause
Topical antimicrobials till the epithelium grows back

No steroids

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5
Q

Of these corneal Surgery procedures
Which is bad for ulcer:
Keratectomy
Corneal graft
Conjunctival flap
3rd eyelid flap
Tarsorrhapy

A

Bad:
3rd eyelid flap removal
Tarsorrhapy close eye

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6
Q

Scced

A

Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defect

No underlying problem- and no secondary infection
An epithelial problem with a stromal dead zone
That is Debrided

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7
Q

When there is an corneal Abscess or ulcer in horse what is commonly secondary

A

Uveitis

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8
Q

Pigmentary Keratitis is cause by

A

Chronic irritation to the cornea
Happens in boachycephalic dog

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9
Q

corneal abcess to heal it you have to…

A

Vascularize the corneal stroma- blood vessels need to grow there

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10
Q

Is the cornea is shiny then what is it?

A

it is a lipid keratopathy, which is non-painful and caused by accumulation of the lipid in cornea.
BILATERAL lipid dystrophy that would be bilateral and inherited.
UNILATERAL previous accident that leads to lipid degeneration in the cornea like a scar
Systemic abnormalities like a lipid storage disorder, which is rare

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11
Q

equine immune mediated keratitis

A

It is nonpainful
It has four categories, epithelial, superficial stromal, mid stromal, endothelial
For medical management with topical corticosteroids and cyclosporine, it can be done with the two stroma layers and epithelium
Surgical management could only be done with superficial stromal

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12
Q

Endothelial, dystrophy, or degeneration in the cornea

A

The treatment would be to draw out the fluids, so they wouldn’t make the cornea clearer
Medically it would be hyper osmotic
Surgically it would be a conjunctiva flap or keratoplasty

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13
Q

What animals are affected by eosinophil keratitis

A

Cats and horses
Treat with topical steroids. It is the only ulcer that you will treat with steroids.

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14
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the eye?

A

The conjunctiva

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15
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Not happening primarily
It is secondary to KCS or forieng body

Except for infectious bovine risinotrachitis which is moxellabovis

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16
Q

Rose bengal stain
What is pathneumonic for herpes

A

For feline herpes virus most common conjuentival prob in-cat
Corneoconjunctival
- antivirals topically and orally
90% of cats
2nd to A break in immune barrier

Dendritic ulcers are pathoneremonic for FHV

Rose bangal stain reuptake also means KCS. Bc it binds to epithelium under the tears

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17
Q

Most common ocular disease in dogs

A

Lack of aqueous tear film on eye
Kcs

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18
Q

Bony orbital fossa is incomplete for

A

Carnivores and pigs

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19
Q

What causes orbital disease

A

Change in the volume of the orbit or change in function of the structures

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20
Q

With globe neoplasia

A

Unilateral exophthalmos
Exoneration of eye - remove everything

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21
Q

Blood in anterior chamber because of trauma

A

H yphema
In proptosis

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22
Q

Function of pre corneal tear film

A

Antimicrobial
Deliver oxygen to avascular cornea
Remove debris from corneas: conjunctiva,

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23
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflamed eyelid

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24
Q

Neurogenic kcs

A

In kcs there is over production of mucin by goblet cells
Neurogenic is a dry nose cipsilateral xeromycleria)

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25
Ankyloblephson
Eyes held closed (sealed at birth 10-15 days) Infectious if it becomes pathologic and ophthalmic neonatorum
26
Eyelid agenesis
Treatment would be ocular lubrication and cryotherapy to prevent eyelid from touching eye, or reconstructive lipcommissure
27
Facial nerve, paralysis, exophthalmic, and buphthalmia
Are all clinical signs of acquired lagophilhamos
28
A stye, or an impacted meibomian gland treatment
Chalazion It is firm, non-painful
29
Most common eyelid neoplasia
Dogs have meibobian adenoma or epitheliuma
30
Reconstructive blepharoplasty
For eyelid neoplasia involving more than 1/3 of lid And for lid agenesis
31
Nuclear sclerosis versus cataracts, when looking through a distant, direct ophthalmoscope
Nuclear sclerosis does not obstruct light from reflecting back, but Cataracs do
32
As the lens magnification increases
The lens diopter power number decreases And the field of view decreases Sooooo as the lens diopter power gets smaller, the magnification gets greater, and the field of view get smaller
33
Florescien stain helps
Detect corneal, ulcers under cobalt blue light And check the nasolacrimal duct system by seeing if the stain is draining through the nose
34
Herpesvirus keratitis ◦Cats, horses
Trifuridine 1% and idiouriaine 0.5% Virostatic
35
To increase drug absorption through the cornea
Increase the frequency of administration This way you’re not saturating that I
36
Drugs that cause Mydriasis
Sympathomimetic like phenylephrine, which is used in combination with a anticholinergic- better for dogs Parasympatholytic like tropicamide which would be short acting, and only for diagnoses Atropine, which is long acting last longer in blue eyes and helps with preventing the pupil adhering to the lens and secondary glaucoma and pain from ciliary spasm —also good for neurogenic KCS
37
Synechiae
When the pupil attaches to the lens, and now the pupil cannot dilate or constrict Can be treated with atropine, which increase mydriasis This can result in absent PLR
38
Contradicted therapy for ulcerative keratitis/ulcerated cornea
Steroids and sodium channel blockers, which made the stabilize, the tear film and inhibit normal blink reflex
39
Topical anti-proteases are used for
Melting, ulcers that reach Descemet’s membrane There are a lot of proteinases and the systemic doxycycline with the topical tetracycline have properties that inhibit MMP’s, and prevent corneal ruptures
40
The parasympathetic innervation of the oculomotor nerve
Controls the iris spincter, muscle, which causes miosis And the ciliary body
41
Oculocardiac reflex
Vagus nerve associated_ parasympathetic tone affects heart rate - heart -rate increase in enucleation when nerve clipped
42
KCS
Causes • Immune-mediated (most common) • Congenital (alacrima, lacrimal gland hypoplasia) • Infectious (canine distemper virus) • Drug-induced (sulfonamides, atropine, topical anesthetics) • Iatrogenic (T.E gland removal) • Neurogenic (parasympathetic denervation)
43
Can ipilaterai and contralateral plr be different ?
Yes it depends on how many fibers cross In birds, where 100% fibers cross - there is No consensual PLR Because it crosses at optic chasm and at the edinger westfohal nucleus or parasympathetic nucleus of CN3
44
Which needs more photo receptor? PLR OR VISION
Vision be there is cortical processing
45
Which of these don't lose PLR: Optic neuritis High intracranial pressure High intraocular pressure Junctionopathy Cataract Iris atrophy Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (sards) Central blindness
Cataract still gets light through for reflex to work as long as retina is still attachéa Sards - as long as no glaucoma or optic neuritis Central cortical blindness- absent if multifocal disease
46
Swinging flashlight/ Marcus Gunn
Ipsilateral dialation= pre-chiasmal retinal detachment or optic neuritis
47
If Horner syndrome and phenylepiphrine causes midrasis _ 20mins
<20mins is the 3rd order neuron going from post-ganglion at cranial cervical ganglion to the orbital fissure
48
Introcular us extraocular Infection
Intraocular - systemic problem or secondary - rarely trauma Extraocular infection : stap pseudointermed - overgrowth of normal flora - inoculate exogenous bacteria -Recrudence. ( herpes)
49
What kills corneal epithelial cells and goes down to desecmes membrane? A melting ulcer
P aeruginosa with pill and collagenase exotoxin Tx with susceptibility and antibiotics and lavage and cyestine
50
What animal are predisposed to moraxella Bovis?
Cow wo eye pigment Young Uv variation Dry conditions
51
Common fungi in horse→
Aspergillus causes fungal keratitis Bc of damage to the cornea and fungal virulencefactors inhibit neovasularization→ decrease neutrophils
52
How to differentials fhv from chylamidia
FHV has conjunctivitis and keratitis Chylamidia has conjunctivitis, and inclusion body
53
Symblepharon
Happens in severe FHV where the conjunctiva attaches to the cornea
54
In an dog w/ unknown vaccine history and acute blepharitis and keratoconjunctivitis
Canine distemper 1st extraocular doc later - intraocular dx
55
Primary signs of systemic mycosis
Ocular signs in the posterior, anterior uveitis or choroidrefininis
56
What ocular prob does toxoplasma gondii cause
It cause chorioretinitis acutely In young kittens or via activation of latent cysts in tissue
57
the colors of the eyes come from
Iris stormal pigment The pigmented posterior epithelium of the iris is constant
58
Pars plicata part of ciliary body function
Make aqueous humor The pars plicata is the non-pigmented ciliary body epithelium that also forms the blood aqueous barrier
59
How to differentiate a cyst from melanomas
Cyst Will transilluminate and be a fluid filled structure and ultrasound Melanoma won’t transilluminate
60
Haab's striae
Breakin the descemet membrane due to stretch of cornea (bupthalmos) Happens in Chronic glaucoma along with lens, subluxation and cupped optic nerve
61
Primary glaucoma is rare in which animals
Horses and cats In cats, it is secondary to aqueous humor misdirection Most commonly uveitis He can also be because of hyphema / lens luxation /trauma/ melanocytic glaucoma/ pigmentary, uveitis common in golden retrievers/ aphakia In horses, it is secondary to equine recurrent uveitis
62
What does gonioscopy
I can look at the iridocorneal angle with the lens Can look at the probability of having primary glaucoma, Looks at the open or closed angle 90% of glaucoma that is primary is because of a closed angle in BOTH eyes Tonometry cannot give the probability of primary glaucoma, but it can give secondary glaucoma probability with melanoma or uveitis
63
What is the most common reason for primary glaucoma?
Congenital malformation of the irdocorneal angle which is closed in 90% of glaucomas that are primary
64
Miotic therapy and prostaglandin analogues for glaucoma is contradicted in
Miotic medications are contraindicated in animals with anterior lens luxation; will exacerbate uveitis, so avoid in glaucoma secondary to uveitis
65
What is the primary cause of cataracts and glaucoma and lens luxation in cats and horses
Chronic Uveitis Cataracs can also cause uveitis - lens induced because the protein leaks
66
What are the three causes of glaucoma by uveitis?
1 anterior synechia with Iris Bombe 2 pre-iridial fibrovascular membrane that interrupts the angle 3 hypopyon and hyphema, bring inflammatory cells and blood into the anterior chamber and block the angle
67
Define phthisis bulbi
It is caused by uveitis It is because there is not enough aqueous humor, so the cornea is smaller A pit in the bulb
68
What’s the difference between posterior synechea and anterior lens luxation
PosteriorSynechisa there is no movement of the lens in the iris just attaches to the lens, whereas with anterior lens luxation, the lens is moving Both can cause glaucoma
69
Refflex uveitis
Attack on cornea can impact the uveitis Horses and dogs
70
To diagnose uveitis
You need a minimum panel of chemistry CBC, UA History of vaccination, indoor outdoor duration, and previous medication‘s like steroids In dogs, it can be due to reflexive uveitis, or metabolic lipids, Lense induced, infectious In cats, it is metabolic due to high blood pressure, I infectious, And horses it is mainly due to equine reccurrent uveitis, it can be in Metabolic, reflexive uveitis, trauma
71
What are the embryonic vascular anomalies of the lens?
Persistent Pupillary membrane Hyaloid artery Phpv
72
Causes of cataract in dog Cause of lens luxation in dog'
Cataracs : It is mainly hereditary Part of it can also be age related and due to metabolism like diabetes  Les luxation in dog : hereditary
73
Aqueous humor Misdirection syndrome
Glaucoma cats where the fluid goes back through the vitreous humor and causes the lens to be interiorly displaced, closing the pathway more
74
Surgeries For cataracts
Phacoemulsification wedge removes all the fluid from the lens capsule  Intracapsular lens extraction is done when you remove the lens entirely for interior lens luxation
75
Complications of lens luxation include
Uveitis, glaucoma, corneal, edema, retinal detachment
76
Asteroid Hyalosis
When there are small refractory particles in the vitreous humor that are calcium, lipid deposits, due to degenerative problem with the vitreous It is usually incidental and happens in older dogs
77
What is an abnormality that affects collie with collie eye anomaly
78
Optic neuritis retrobulbar versus intraocular
With the retrobulbar optic neuritis, you’re not gonna see it on the atomic exam, but it’s still going to be blind PLR are usually absent
79
Electroretinogram allows for us to differentiate between
Sard (flat) and retinobulbar optic neuritis(norm)
80
What are the causes of Choreo retinitis?
Infectious immune mediated neoplastic
81
Blood vessels deep and superficial Dx in eye
Blood vessels in response to surface corneal disease (e.g. ulceration, KCS) are typically superficial and undergo substantial branching, whereas blood vessels associated with intraocular disease are generally deeper in the cornea, appear much straighter and enter the cornea circumferentially.
82
Layers of tear film
Lipid Aqueous - gone in KCS and the rest goes up -recheck in 6 weeks Mucin
83
Which animals have simple hair vs compound hair follicle
Simple ' Cattle, horse, pig Compound Dog, cat, goat Mixed-sheep
84
Sebaceous vs apocrine vs eccrine glands
Sebaceous glands- release intohairshaft by lysis Apocrine gland (epitrical) like meabobian release superficially into women by budding Eccrine gland catrichial) where there is no hair exocytose onto skin at paw
85
When not to use atropine?
Glaucoma -squeeze angle Dry eye- lowers lacrimal gland Lens instability

Sensing And Seeing (6 decks)

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