SS 4 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Name trauma dermatitis (2)
A
Pyotraumatic dermatitis and intertrigo
2
Q
What is the cause of ischemic necrosis or erosion skin - vasculitis
What is the underlying causes
A
• Common underlying etiologies in animals bc VASCULITIS HAS :
Infectious diseases: RMSF, Ehrlichiosis, bacterial sepsis
Adverse reaction: vaccination, drugs
Autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, cold agglutinin disease
3
Q
No need to susceptibility test surface pyoderma
A
Bc susceptibility testing looks at the concentration of drug in the serum- with topicals it doesn’t need to be done
4
Q
Where is intertrigo
A
Its between skinfolds due to friction
Anatomical so long term treatment or surgery
Lip vulva facial tail (screw)
Inter tri (skin) go (the friction)
5
Q
Most common epithelial cancer of dogs and cat
A
Squamous cell carcinoma
6
Q
Would a skin biopsy or cytology diagnose :
Squamous cell carcinoma ulcerative
Lymphoma
A
Skin biopsy:
Squamous cell carcinoma
Lymphoma
7
Q
Where to never skin biopsy?
A
Ulcer or erosion ~ no epidermis/ no stratum basale there
GOOD
Biopsy 30% ulcer 70% normal for DLE
8
Q
Pemphigus foliaceus vs cut. Lupus Erythematosis
A
Pf
- affect desmosones
Cle
- affect basal cells
9
Q
Difference b/w mcle and DLE
A
DLE is only nasal planum
MCLE is many more locations
- @Anogenital (57%) Perioral (43%) Periocular (29%) Nose (19%)
10
Q
What breeds get Vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus (VCLE)
A
Shetland shepherds
Rough collies
Border collies
11
Q
ONLY LUPUS W : generalized scaling and thinning of hair
And joint pain that causes lameness
A
E xfoliative cutaneous lupus erythematosis
12
Q
Scaling and hyperkeratosis is caused by:
A
Majority scaling and hyperkeratosis is caused by underlying disease that increases inflammation → stimulating epidermal turnover
Treat underlying dx
- managed not cured if genetic cornification abnormal
13
Q
Normal flora of the skin:
A
Mainly gram positive
- coagulase negative staph. (Epidermidis)
Also some gram negative and low yeast (malassezia pachydermatis)
Transient:
Gram positive: S. psuedintermedius and S. Aureus
Gram negative : e.coli and P. Aeruginosa
14
Q
Defense mechanism of skin
A
Dryness of skin and acidic pH of skin and cool temperature
Hair and stratum corneum
Desquamation : sloughing of the keratinized cells
Resident and transient becateria in stratum corneum and distal part of sweat glands and follicles
Secretions of the Holocrine sebaceous glands and apocrine glands have toxic lipids and intracellular seal
Skin immune system with langerhans cells which are dendritic antigen presenting cells in epidermis
15
Q
Is pyoderma pus in skin is a primary or secondary disease
A
It is a secondary disease
- to S. Psuedintermedius
Or S. Shleiferi or S. Aureus
16
Q
Does the superficial epidermis have bacteria?
A
NO
Bacteria is only of the surface
None in superficial epidermis or deep dermis
but pyoderma can be in all the layers
- Surface and Superficial have Coagulase positive Staph infections (S. Pseudinter)
- Dermis has S. Pseudinter +/-other
17
Q
Surface pyoderma vs superficial pyoderma
A
Surface pyoderma:
Intertrigo- skin fold
Pyotraumatic dermatitis -(happens due to allergic reaction, otitis externa, matted hair, Ectoparasite (FAD))
Mucocutaneous pyoderma
DIAG: impression smear —> Methylene blue or diffQuik
Treatment: Topical tx
Superficial pyoderma:
Impetigo/ Puppy pyoderma - under the corneum in hairless area
Superficial bacterial folliculitis - start in hair follicle as papule -> pustule -> epidermal collarette
DIAG: presumptive diagnosis on Signalment/history/signs
- If not responsive to antibiotic then culture a intact pustule
Treatment: Topical tx
systemic anti-staphylococcal antibiotic if Methicillin resistant staphylococcus —>multi-drug resistance
If oral antibiotics then for 3weeks or 1 week more than clinical resolution
18
Q
pathogenesis of the mycobacterial skin infections, the organisms that cause these infections, their virulence factors, the types and locations of lesions they cause and an approach to diagnosis
A
19
Q
Deep pyoderma [Panniculitis, Cellulitis 2ndary to parasites, abscess]
A
Starts in hair follicle like folliculitis then goes to the dermis and involves
DIAG: Deep pyoderma include gram postitive and negative and it is a combination infection —> Punch biopsy without skin
- Helps with culture and hispathology
Treatment: Systemic antibiotic w/ C/S test -
-treat for two weeks after resolution
Approach treatment differently : S psuedintermedius and E. coli Pseudomona aeruginosa and proteus are all resistant/Not predictably susceptible
20
Q
Pustular dermatitis
A
Streptococci in young pigs causes pastures on posterior ventral abdomen (inguinal region)
21
Q
Name bacteria that affect immune naive young piglets
A
Steptococci- NF that causes pustules on the ventral posterior part of the pig
Staph. Hycius - NF causes exudative dermatitis in young
22
Q
Rain scald is transmitted when
A
There is a moist environment and this opportunistic pathogen goes from the fomites or carriers
- filamentous rods —> branching pattern
23
Q
What is a bacteria that is shed by carriers or the environment —> then ingested
A
Diamond skin disease
Skin manifestation of systemic disease that causes septicimia, joint pain bc of immune complexes and myocardial disease
In tonsils of carriers that pigs ingest
24
Q
3 bacteria that cause foot rot in SHEEP and which causes separation of the wall (HINT: Damn NO)
A
Fusobacterium necrophorum causes the initial interdigital dermatitis and then Diechlobacter nodosus enter with pilli and protease to separate the horn
D. Nodosus is unique to sheep
Truperella pyogenes also plays a role in this
25
Foot rot in cattle is still interdigital dermatitis
It comes from wet environment/ feces and is Fusobacterium necrophorum mainly
26
Panniculitis syndrome with fast growing mycobacteria
Mycobacteria introduced into fat by trauma
Survive within macrophages in the fat - down regulate MHC molecule expression
Fat provides triglycerides for growth and protects them from host immune response
27
For Mycobacteria Cutaneous nodules made in Canine leproid granduloma syndrome and feline leprosy syndrome Diagnose with
Fine needle aspirate of **intact nodule**
28
Staphylococci - Whats the big deal with the non-responsiveness
Facultative intracellular parasites
Antimicrobial resistance
Biofilm production
If NOT RESPONDING TO EMPIRIC TX THEN C/S and TREAT FOR EXTENDED TIME
29
4 stages of wound healing
1. Hemostasis- platelet and fibrin clot <12 hrs
— Vasoconstriction
— *platelet* degranulate and release GF and cytokines to recruit leukocytes [macrophages and leukocytes]
2. Inflammation : cell recruitment and tissue debridement
— vasodilation - diapedesis of the **neutrophils within 48hrs** and **macrophages at 3-5 days** = protease released
—**macrophages recruit fibroblast and mesenchymal cells**
3. Proliferation: [4-21 days] granulation tissue and **myofibroblasts** lay disorganized collagen as scaffold
*granulation tissue* **5 days**
— build on scaffold with fibroblasts and epithelial cells
4. Remodel: **myofibroblast and fibroblast** [3mo to 2yrs]
— more collagen deposition increases strength
— macrophages
*epithelialization and wound contraction*
30
Horse photosensitization - reacting to UV light
Restless—> erythema—> blister—> scab/leathery skin
1. Photodynamic plants
2. Photosensitizing plants with liver damage (plant/drug)
- not clearing phyloerrythrin
**Check liver values on biochem**
31
FIrst intention would healing
Would healing with **surgical closure**
PRIMARY CLOSURE: <6 hrs
- approach and treat non-contaminated spay or non-traumatic wound
Help with all stages *hemostasis*
DELAYED PRIMAY CLOSURE: 1-4 days
**before granulation tissue** @5 days
Remove bad tissue
Help with Inflammation
SECONDARY CLOSURE: >/= 5 days
Have to decontaminate then close with granulation tissue
Help with proliferative stage
32
Second intention wound healing
Happens without surgical closure:
Mainly by 2 steps :
**Epithelialization and Contraction**
That happen together on top of granulation tissue
Wound reduced in size mainly due to contraction
33
Which stages of wound healing do veterinarians help with
Inflammation
Otherwise delayed wound healing [prolonged inflammation]
- remove the necrotic tissue!! ONLY IF IT IS DEAD *looks like leather*
34
Septic Arthritis in horse
Is an emergency
Happens because of iatrogenic or penetrating wound to the joint and FPT —> severe lameness
Clinically: Heat, swollen joints, grade 4/5 lameness (if not acute )
Treat with regional antibiotics (use a tourniquet and 30mins of aminoglycosides and ceftiofur)
*LAVAGE* and drainage
35
Factors that cause delayed wound healing in horses
Why is the wound not healing???
Infection:
Bacteria ie. Clostridium
Parasitic - Habronema
Fungus- Pythiosis - oomyces in water
Cell transformation: epithelial cells become squamous cell carcinoma and sarcoid
Organic debris [causes that *dirty* wound—> inc healing time]
Sequestrum - common
**Motion** cause the wound to open up [dehise] —> crack the granulation tissue (so post 5 days)
Foreign body: **mainly wood seen best by ultrasound**
36
Treatment of wound healing in horse
Mainly:
First intention (mainly primary closure)- for face or limb with cast Second intention for large wounds - ventral region or lower limb where there will be increased scar
NEVER SCRUB OR HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Chlorohex and Iodine solutions and saline or tap water -LAVAGE
Avoid exuberant granulation tissue
Skin graft - on top of granulation tissue
37
Which will take longer to heal? Primary intention or secondary intention and which will have more of a scar
The secondary intention because of the contraction and epithelial proliferation
38
Proud flesh
Def. Exuberant prolif of granulation tissue
Caused by dysfunctional fibroplasia or chronic inflammation
Happens on lower limb of ponies
Stop this with triamcisione ointment the stops prolif. And to this before it gets severe
39
Diagnose septic arthritis
Ultrasound and the synovial fluid
- neutrophils and nucleated cells and protein and foamy yellow fluid
NOT rads
40
Most common manifestation of Skin disease._ horse
PRURITIS
41
Most common allergic dermatitis In horses
Hypersensitivity to midges saliva_ culiocoides.
Maine tail and ventral midline alopecia
Tx with management, and corticosteroids (topical mainly bc long term)
42
Are antihistamines useful in horses?
Not useful in horses, dogs, cats
43
Most common nodular condition in horse
Nodular necrobiosis -can be caused by injections- firm nodules that are painless
Dont have to test with biopsy -just clinical signs
44
Most common tumor in horse
SARCOID which is locally invasive but not metastatic
—due to **bovine papilloma virus** that does not regress
A malignant sarcoid —has multiple tumor types in one animal
45
Pastern dermatitis
Scratches is in the caudal pastern and heel due to environment (damp conditions or poor feces management or sharp grass when walking)
This is a **secondary problem** —>tx 1st prob
Check fungal culture, impression smear, liver values, skin scrape ALWAYS
46
Which horse skin diseases to treat with steroids?
Nodular necrobiosis : systemic
Scratches- Pastern dermatitis : topically + On top of treating the environment
Pemphigus foliaceus with aggressive dexamethasone or prednisolone systemically **laminitis**
Atopy- exclusion diagnosis : systemic
Culicoides allergy - fly midge : topical or systemic
47
Path: Ddx for the mucus membrane pemphigoid
This is subepidermal cleft immune mediated cleft - so it includes the Stratum basale and lifts below it
The differential is Bullous pemphigoid which is at the head and ears and back
Differential clinically
48
Which forms cleft more deep/ Suprabasilar cleft?
Pemphigus vulgaris which lifts above the dermis
PF=. Subcorneal cleft
49
Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis vs parakeratotic hyperkeratosis
Exudate/ulcer
Orthokeratotis hyperkeratosis : when normal cells that dont retain nuclei are undergoing stratum corneum hyperplasia
Parakeratotic hyperkeratosis : cells that abnormally retained their nuclei are undergoing hyperplasia
- Zinc responsive dermatosis
- Superficial necrolytic dermatitis where there is Hepatocutaneous syndrome- honey comb
50
With allergies what are you going to see on histopath for epidermis and dermis
In the epidermis it will be exudative ulcerative dermatitis
And in dermis it is perivascular dermatitis -inflammation aroung blood vessel
BOTH are not good for histo path
51
Interface dermatitis vs lichenoid dermatitis
Interface dermatitis is when there is primary stratum basal keratinocyte death followed by inflammation of the epidermis-dermis junction
- Lupus diseases
- Erythema multiformes : all cells of epidermis die before
Lichenoid dermatitis is when there is inflammation at the junction but *no death*
- Ex. Uveodermatolofic syndrome because macrophages are immune mediated and cause inflammation to melanin the junction
52
Staph aureus can cause what kind of infection in birds
Bumble foot- even though it is normal flora due to trauma
— Cause of pododermatitis too - perching on bad stick
53
Blow fly strike
Eat necrotic tissue - ivermectin spray for fly
54
Greasy pig disease
S. Hyicus ~ young+ immunocomp pigs
55
Main reason the pigs scratch
Sarcopric mange
**Aways treat the ears with amitraz inject with ivermectin**
56
Which type of drugs try to reach therapeutic concentrations in plasma
Systemic and transdermal
57
Will lipophilic or hydrophilic drugs be absorbed systemically to tx skin better
Both will treat and reach the appropriate concentration
Lipophilic takes longer to get there and stays there longer
58
Should you give very potent drug transdermally
When not to use
Yes and a moderately lipophilic drug with low molecular weight
**Not great for systemic infection, severe disease, not for emergency**
59
Transdermal drug : Mirtazapine and flunixin and flea/tick
Cat: Mirtazapine weight loss in cat transdermal in ear
Beef: Only drug that is approved for analgesia in food animal: transdermal flunixin
Methimazole : for hyperthyroid
— oral is more effective with GI effects
60
Can you cut a fentanyl patch?
No dummy
Shave to put patch on, it is systemic Near incision
61
Can we use topical antimicrobials for..
Superficial bacterial folliculitis and otitis externa - topical alone with frequent administration ‘
— if glabrous (hairless)
As shampoo or ointment
NOT wound healing
NOT deep pyoderma
62
Topical antimicrobials
◦ Chlorhexidine
◦ Benzoyl peroxide
◦ Nitrofurans
◦ Mupirocin
◦ Silver sulfadiazine
◦ Otic
Chlorhexidine
— broad spectrum [fungal bacteria protozoa] and shampoo
— bonus or intrauterine in horses and cattle
Benzoyl peroxide
—Broad spec- reduce skin roils and open pores [bacteria and fungi]
Nitrofurans
—Gram positive and negative [Furazone] and hypersensitivity in people
— **not in food animal**
Mupirocin
— KEY: anti-staphylococcal (MRSP)- can get these gram positives —> dogs FDA approval
Silver sulfadiazine
— Antifungal for wounds and incisions
— animal burns. (Cat in car engine)
63
Otic drugs
Otic
◦ Antibiotic + antifungal + anti-inflammatory ◦ Otitis externa
Batril otic: Enrofloxacin (floroquinolone) and silver sulfadiazine
—Gram positive and negative and fungus
Mometamax: Gentamicin (aminoglycocide can cause ototoxicity if ear drum ruptured so DONT use this class of antibiotic) + mometasone (Steroid)+ clotrimazole (anti-fungal)
—Use steroid in infected area of ear and minimal systemic absorption and anti-inflam effect
—not if ruptured ear drum
—treat P. Aeuginosa
Which doesn’t get pseudomonas?
Claro: Florfenicol + terbinafine + mometasone
—Amphenicol antibacterial, steroid, allylamine antifungal
— Not if P. Aeruginosa
—Not for ruptured ear drum
64
Antihistamines
FIRST : Diphenhydramine - Benadryl® Hydroxyzine Chlorpheniramine
SECOND: Loratadine – Claritin® Cetirizine - Zyrtec® Fexofenadine - Allegra®
First-generation drugs cross the BBB CAUSE DROWSINESS
**not great for atopy or systemic prob**
— Antihistamines are used for uncomplicated reaction and to avoid induction of allergic tx with pos mast cell
For anaphylactic : Dex and epinephrine
If overdose on benadryl : then CNS signs overactive - opposite the normal
OTC drug with H1
— not decongestant Claritin with Pseudoephedrine
65
How many vessels are in a ruminant ear
3 vessels:
One big vein and 2 peripheral arteries so careful ear tagging
66
What is the main ear artery in a dog
It is a branch of the external carotid called caudal auricular artery
67
Nerves of the ear
Auricular nerve of the auriculopalpebral nerve which is a motor aspect of the facial n. (Stylomastoid)
Auricular nerve of the auriculotemporal nerve which is sensory which is sensory of the mandibular n. (Oval foramen)
Vagus nerve (Sensory) is via joining with the auricular n of the facial nerve
**facial nerve does sensory and motor of ear**
C2 -second cervical nerve that provides sensory
68
What do antifungal tx do
Attack the ergosterol cell wall
Grisofulvin -ring worm
Both in system for long time
Intraconazole
Terbinafine
69
What antibacterial to start with for systemic tx
Beta lactatam and Clindamycin and potentiated sulfonamides
THEN 3rd gen cephalosporins (cefovecin/ cefpodoxime)!!!
70
Glucocorticoids at an immunosuppressive dose
Side effects
Inflammatory autoimmune diseases- more steroids for longer period of time
• immune suppression requires higher dose of steroid and then weaning down
High doses cause skin disease
• Skin thinning
• Cartilage breakdown
• Hyperadrenocortisicm (cushing)
• Alopecia
• Increasing risk of secondary skin disease
Severe Injection site reaction due to high dose Of depomedrol- anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive dose
71
Synergism of Cyclosporine
It is for ocular tx and **Atopic dermatitis = stops the T cell lymphocytic infiltration**
With ketoconazole which inhibits CYP450 and p-glycoprotein efflux pumps —> there is more concen of the cyclosporine
Bad for diabetics and cause hirsutism and GI
72
Alternatives of systemic glucocorticoids :
Both block IL-31 which causes pruritis:
1. Apoquel **Oclacitinib**: Culicoides in horses, allergic Derm in dogs and non-food/flea cats
2. Cytopoint **Lokivetmab: monoclonal antibody** so injected every 4-6 weeks
— species specific
— spread via lymphatics and immune tx for multiple admin
73
common dermatology disorders of ferrets
Ferrets:
**Adrenal disease!**
— no gonads and no negative feed back to pituatary glands: the adrenal glands produce **excess sex hormone (no prob with cortisol)**
—Diag: age/signalment/clinical sign
—Signs : **ALOPECIA and PRURITUS and swollen vulva or enlarged prostate (straining to pee) and Behavior change (sweet or aggressive)**
Cyclical tail alopecia: hair loss on tail one and off- unknown path
Alopecia of prolonged estrus: gills stay in heat when not spayed —> estrogen suppress bone marrow —> petechia and low platelet/hematocrit
TUMOR **common mast cell tumor** - BENIGN with histamine granules
Basal cell tumors: benign
Ectoparasite: get cat **flea (C. Felis)**, ear mites **anything that tx cats**
Distemper : hyperkeratosis —> WILL DIE—>euthanasia
74
common species of dermatophytes that can infect pocket pets
Ferret ringworm : Microsporum canis
Young animal- ringworm
Shampoo and is zoonotic
Rabbit and guinea pig (rodent), chinchilla, mice, hedgehog, and rat ringworm: Trichophyton mentagrophyte
75
3 questions every practitioner should ask of themselves when presented with a mini-mammal with a skin disorder
Is it contagious to the other animals or colony?
Is it zoonotic?
IS the skin showing something that is underlying disease-ie adrenal disease in ferrets?
76
recognize the similar diagnostic techniques used in both mini-mammals and other species such as dogs, cats and horses
Skin scrap
Fungal culture on DTM
77
common dermatology disorders of rabbits
Lagomorph
**Cheyletiella fur mite** - tape prep- patchy alopecia and pruritis
— ZOONOTIC
**Fleas: no frontline on rabbits** use advantage or revolution -main cause of alopecia
**Myiasis: fly strike and cuterebra - dirty and attract flies**
Moist dermatitis: Dulap neck fat is wet
Subcutaneous access
Ulcerative pododermatitis: neglect and filth
78
common dermatology disorders of guinea pig
Lice
Sarcoptes
Cervical lymphadenitis
Ulcerative pododermatitis- filth like with rabbit
Ovarian cyst- symmetric
**vitamin C deficiency**
79
Common tumors:
Dog and cat: Squamous cell carcinoma (more in cat than dog)
Horse: Sarcoid, melanoma
Ferret: mast cell tumor
Ruminant: squamous cell carcinoma
80
Which disease has ulcerative and exudative dermatitis with a honey comb liver
Superficial Necrolytic dermatitis
—low serum amino acids
—on the superficial layer of the epidermis
Pos. Liver disease
81
Why does 2° bacterial furunculosis occur?
Commonly occurs because of superficial pyoderma that reaches the dermis and causes bleeding and pain
if it is recurrent usually related to a underlying disease just like superficial pyoderma is if it’s recurrent
- check for demodex
82
Which neoplasias to biopsy vs cytology?
Biopsy - cutaneous lymphoma and squamous cell carcinoma both are ulcerative
Cytology - lipoma, histiocytoma sebaceous adenoma and mast cell tumor (nodular)
With mast cell tumor and sebaceous adenoma it helps to have biopsy histopath to help grade and determine prognosis
83
What Does the prognosis of mast cell depend on
The biopsy histopath grading
Not cytology
Not the number of tumors
84
Infectious Nodules and draining tracts are caused by
Deep pyodermas - S. Psuedintermedius or S. Shleferi
Bacterial furunculosis - 2ndary to superficial dermatitis or 3 days after grooming
Acral lick - compulsive licking due to underlying prob causes alopecia and deep pyoderma
Callus pyoderma - where the pair is pushed in at points of friction at elbow or hock
85
If there is no pruritis then is it allergies?
No, it may no be atoptic dermatitis
86
What regulates immune system so it doesn't overreact to stimuli?
Regulatory t cells which is messed up in atopic derm
87
Most common food allergen in dogs and cats
Beef - proteins
88
Why ere hydrolyzed diets belter?
Small proven petidides allergens so can't attach 2 IgE molecules on most cell to degranulate
89
Only way to rule out food allergy
Elimination trial
The diagnosis of food allergy is confirmed when the pruritus resolved with an elimination diet, relapsed upon a diet challenge and resolved again when the elimination diet is re-fed
8wk to diagnose food allergy
90
What is the serum allergy test useful for diagnosis?
NOTHING- **cant diagnose** Food allergy or atopic dermatitis
Use it after the elimination trial and Alfred ruling out the infectious, endocrine, ectoparasites
**For AD: it helps with individualized immunotherapy treatment** by narrowing the pros allergens
91
Lokivermab species?
Cytopoint injection for dog
NEVER cats
92
Most common skin reaction in cat caused by
Flea bite hypersensitivity
93
Do you treat the secondary bacterial infection first or diagnose and treat the feline atopic skin syndrome
Treat the secondary bacterial infection first, so that it is easier to assess the feline atopic syndrome
Ear and skin cytology Hass to be done with fass
94
Atopic dermatitis in dogs versus cats
Both are a diagnosis of exclusion
Both have to be ruled out from food allergy dermatitis
In dogs, you can use allergen specific immuno therapy as a treatment
In cats use glucocorticoids and taper the dose
95
Side effects of steroids in cats specifically
Diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, thinning of skin
Cushing’s
Immunosuppression
96
Clinical signs of feline atopic skin syndrome
Miliary dermatitis, which are papules surrounded by crusT
Eosinophilic granuloma complex, which is rodent ulcers plaques, causing secondary bacterial infection
Head and neck pruritus
Self induced alopecia
These give a differential diagnosis for FASS
FLEA ALLERGY, DERMATITIS, OR HYPERSENSITIVITY
Food allergy dermatitis
Ectoparasites
97
What’s the most common cause of chronic otitis externa in dogs and cats?
Allergy and atopy
98
Otitis externa can be caused by
Primary factors like allergies/parasites/hypersensitivity/foreign body, which cause inflammation immediately to the ear. This inflammation makes way for secondary factors, like bacteria and yeast that can contribute to the disease in a already inflamed ear
This can cause perpetuating factors to develop like edema and proliferative changes to the ear
99
There is sub corneal pustular Dermatitis and acantholytic keratocytes
Circular keratinocytes, separated from others and have a **retain nucleus while they’re on the surface of the skin**
pemphigus foliaceous
Puppy pyoderma
Dermatophytosis
100
So you see a coalescing multinodular mass that is friable what is it?
It has keratin in the middle that is making it friable
A hair follicle tumor
101
Sebaceous versus apocrine gland, tumor
Sebaceous gland tumors are more likely to be sebaceous adenoma’s, which are benign
→ Peri anal gland
I have a current gland. Tumors are more likely to be apocrine adenocarcinomas, which are malignant
→ mammary gland
102
You see a melanocytes neoplasm on the lip of a dog: malignant or benign
Melanocytic neoplasm on horse that is gray
Malignant melanoma on oral cavity of dog → poorly pigmented means that it is more malignant
Dog melanocytoma on haired skin are often benign
gray horse: benign melanocytoma
103
Neoplasms of fibroblasts/ pericysts around blood vessels/ Schwann cells in a nerve sheath are called
Soft tissue sarcoma
104
A lipoma is benign, but a strangulating lipoma can be in a
Horses omentum
105
Hemangioma
Cutaneous, hemangiosarcoma
Visceral hemangeosarcoma
Visceral hemangiosarcoma is the most malignant because it’s going to be in the liver, lungs, right atrium, spleen
Cutaneous hemangeosarcoma is on the skin and it’s not as malignant
Hemangioma is benign -well differentiated
These are all vascular tumors
106
Integumentary stuctures that differentiate birds from mammals
Feathers/ down =fluff to trap air for heat
Scales on foot
Uropygeal gland and powder down in psittacines for oil for feathers
Same as mammal aspect
Beak and claws: Stratum corneum creates these
— caseous rather than pus w disease
107
Basic level 3 dermatological work-up (diagnostic plan) for birds
Always for birds: check for parasites, **fecal gram stain for microflora and feather pulp cytology (squeeze skin)**
Level 2: Culture feather pulp and check chemistry panel and PCR
Level 3:
Exhaustive history
Biopsy
Rads
Thyroid hormone
108
Treatments of common derm disorders of birds (Viral, bacterial, parasitic, behavioral, traumatic, toxic , neoplasia, nutritional)
Viral: **Psittacine beak and feather disease**
— circovirus
—malformed feathers, tongue blunts, and immunosuppressed —> DIE 6 mo
Viral: Poxvirus
—papules, pustules, crust.
— excoriation/direct contact or mosquito bites spread it —> cant see be **prob in cornea
— vaccinate!!**
Bacterial: Pododermatitis: bacteria (S. Aureus) and bad perching material —> granduloma of foot pad
— variable diameter of perching material
— tx. Flush out and antibiotics- bad prog
Parasitic: Knemidocoptic mange
— skin scrap w mineral oil bc of misshapen beak [crusty]
— tx. Ivermectin if pet bird **not poultry**
Behavioral: feather picking
— obsessive compulsive (ocd)- bored/stress
— tx. 1 Change environment
— 2 antidepressant
Trauma: blood feather
— feather breaks and arteriole spurts
— pick off feather at base w hemostat
Squamous cell carcinoma :
—in **Budgie -parakeet over 5 yrs**
Nutritional: Fatty liver disease
— too much fat —>beak and claw becomes dense —> stretch the feather follicle tracts
— tx. Trim nail and beak and change diet
109
With many ruminant/pig diseases these is also a cofactor of lice: which diseases are those?
Ruminant:
Dematophilus Congolensis: Paint brush lesion in wet - also lice
Ringworm - lice tx for itching
Wart (papilloma virus) - lice tx for itching
Pigs:
Pustular dermatitis (strep) : tx for lice w antibiotics
Swine pox: comes from lice contact
110
What do the cytotoxic T cells attack in these ulcerative probs?
Cutaneous lupus erythematosis
Uveodermatalogic syndrome
Autoimmune subepidermal blistering dermatosis
Pemphigus velgaris
Cutaneous lupus erythematosis - stratum basal cells undergo apoptosis
Uveodermatalogic syndrome - Attack melanocytes at the SB level
Autoimmune subepidermal blistering dermatosis -MMP/BP- attack anchoring structures of basement membrane
Pemphigus vulgaris - attack suprabasalar
111
Primary cornification disorder
Canine icthyosis -golden retriever- lipid malformation -biopsy no cure
Canine primary sebborrea- increased epidermal turnover rate - clinical signs of greasy and follicular cast (no biopsy) also otitis
**hyperkeratosis and scaling**
112
Malassazia dermatitis is from normal flora but a cornification problem because
Allergic dermatitis or intertrigo
113
Prednisolone >prednisone in which species
Cat and horses
