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PEM Board Review > Stats > Flashcards

Stats Flashcards

From all resources: AAP PREP:EM Course

1
Q

formula for NNT

A 
NNT = 1/ARR
ARR = absolute risk reduction
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2
Q

type I error

A

rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s actually correct
false positive study
alpha

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3
Q

type II error

A

failure to reject the null hypothesis appropriately
false negative study
beta

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4
Q

failure to reject the null hypothesis appropriately

A

type II error

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5
Q

rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s actually correct

A

type I error

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6
Q

What 3 factors do you need to look at to determine the appropriate type of statistical test to perform?

A
  1. is the distribution parametric or not?
  2. is your data continuous, nominal/ordinal, or categorical?
  3. are your tested populations dependent or independent?
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7
Q

Sensitivity =

A

TP / TP+FN

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8
Q

Specificity =

A

TN / TN+FP

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9
Q

Power

A

1 - beta

beta = type II error rate

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10
Q

PPV =

A

TP / TP+FP

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11
Q

NPV =

A

TN / TN+FN

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12
Q

Incidence vs Prevalence

A 
Incidence = RATE of new diseases over a period of time
Prevalence = number of existing disease cases at a specific POINT in time
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13
Q

What do you need to calculate the sample size for a study?

A
  1. the effect size
  2. the type I error rate
  3. the type II error rate
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14
Q

what is the reciprocal of the rate difference?

A

the NNT

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15
Q

What is the other name for the Mann-Whitney U test?

A

Wilcoxon rank-sum test

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16
Q

What is another name for the Wilcoxon rank-sum test?

A

Mann-Whitney U test

17
Q

What is the t-test?

A

statistical test for parametric, continuous data that is independent

18
Q

what is the paired t-test?

A

statistical test for parametric, continuous data that is paired

19
Q

what is the ANOVA?

A

statistical test for parametric, continuous data with 3 or more independent groups

20
Q

what is the wilcoxon signed-rank sum test?

A

statistical test for non-parametric, continuous data that is paired
non-parametric corollary to paired t-test

21
Q

what is the wilcoxon ranked-sum test?

A

statistical test for non-parametric, continuous data that is independent
nonparametric corollary to t-test
also called the mann-whitney u test

22
Q

what is the kruskal-wallis?

A

statistical test for non-parametric, continuous data with 3 or more independent groups
nonparametric corollary to ANOVA

23
Q

what is the Chi-square test?

A

statistical test for parametric, categorical data with independent groups

24
Q

what is the Fisher’s exact test?

A

statistical test for parametric, categorical data with independent groups if there are <5 measurements/group

25
Q

what is logistic regression?

A

statistical test to predict the relationship between a DICHOTOMOUS outcome vs a set of variables while controlling for other variables in the analysis

26
Q

what is Bonferroni’s correction

A

a method to correct for multiple repeated testing on the same data set

27
Q

what is Kolmogorov-Smirnov?

A

test to determine if data is parametric or not

28
Q

what is Shaprio-Wilk?

A

test to determine if the data is parametric or not

29
Q

LR +

A

= (positive test/presence of disease) / (positive test/absence of disease)
= sensitivity / (1 - specificity)

30
Q

LR -

A

= (negative test/presence of disease) / (negative test/absence of disease)
= (1 - sensitivity) / specificity

31
Q

How do you use LRs?

A

You have to convert the pretest probability to odds
This is pretest probability / (1 - pretest probability)
Then you multiply by the LR
Finally, you convert the odds BACK to the probability!

32
Q

What are clinically significant LRs?

A

LR + > 10

LR - < 0.1

33
Q

formula for odds ratio

A

(AxD)/(BxC) in standard 2x2 table

34
Q

what’s the difference between odds ratio and relative risk?

A

relative risk is used when patients are followed over time.

odds ratio is used when patients already have the outcome and you look back retrospectively at an exposure of interest

PEM Board Review (8 decks)

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