stem

Question 1

continuations of the
roots usually located above the surface of the
soil

Answer 1

STEMS

Question 2

Originate from the epicotyl and partly from the
hypocotyl of the embryo

Answer 2

STEMS

Question 3

New plant growth

Answer 3

SHOOT

Question 4

Above ground parts of the plant

Answer 4

SHOOT SYSTEM

Question 5

CLASSIFICATION OF STEMS BASED ON
TOUGHNESS

Answer 5

HERBACEOUS STEMS
WOODY STEMS
SUFFRUTESCENT STEMS

Question 6

*Non-woody, soft and green in color
* More common in Monocot and but also found
in some dicot plants
* Example is bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)

Answer 6

HERBACEOUS STEMS

Question 7

• Hard and rigid because of the secondary
  growth or cork formation
• Dicot plants

Answer 7

WOODY STEMS

Question 8

Woody only at the base
* Example is eggplant (Solanum melongena)

Answer 8

SUFFRUTESCENT STEMS

Question 9

— Very little or absent and thus is generally soft
— Short-lived
— Very little growth in diameter
— Smooth, thin epidermis
— Green
— stomata is Present

Answer 9

HERBACEOUS STEMS

Question 10

— woody tissue is Present, thus are hard and thick
— Long-lived
— Increases in diameter (mainly due to production of wood & cork)
— Rough cork
— Green when young, brown when old
— stomata is Absent, but with
lenticels

Answer 10

WOODY STEMS

Question 11

pores of outer plant tissue that provide direct exchange of gases between internal plant
tissues and atmosphere

Answer 11

LENTICELS

Question 12

above the surface of soil

Answer 12

AERIAL STEMS

Question 13

• are horizontally oriented stems that grow along
  the soil surfaces
• example is strawberry (Fragaria ananassa)

Answer 13

RUNNERS OR STOLONS

Question 14

• coil around objects and help support the plant
• Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)
• Grapes (Vitis vinifera)
• Melon (Cucumis melo)
• Squash (Cucurbita maxima)

Answer 14

TENDRILS OR SCRAMBLERS

Question 15

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOCATION

Answer 15

AERIAL STEMS
UNDERGROUND OR SUBTERRANEAN
STEMS

Question 16

• Beneath the surface of the soil

Answer 16

UNDERGROUND OR SUBTERRANEAN
STEMS

Question 17

• underground, horizontal stem which maybe
  swollen due to presence of stored food
• ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
• turmeric (Curcuma longa)
• bamboo (Bambusa bambos)

Answer 17

RHIZOMES

Question 18

• short, swollen, terminal portions of an
  underground stems with stored food
• specialized for storage
• potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Answer 18

TUBERS

Question 19

• very small piece of stem tissue bearing
  numerous fleshy leaves
• onion and garlic
  o tunic or tunica – papery layer of bulbs

Answer 19

BULBS

Question 20

• globose underground stems with thin, papery
  leaves on its surface
• gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrids)
• gabi (Colocasia esculenta)

Answer 20

CORMS

Question 21

EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF STEMS

Answer 21

NODES
INTERNODES
LEAF SCAR
BUNDLE SCARS
LENTICELS
BUDS

Question 22

• swollen areas where leaves, branches and
  buds arise

Answer 22

NODES

Question 23

• portion between two nodes

Answer 23

INTERNODES

Question 24

• mark left on the stem by a fallen leaf

Answer 24

LEAF SCAR

Question 25

* cut ends of the vascular bundles within each leaf scar

Answer 25

BUNDLE SCARS

Question 26

* raised pores seen on dicot stems

Answer 26

LENTICELS

Question 27

* undeveloped structures which may grow into leaves, shoots, or flowers

Answer 27

BUDS

Question 28

* at the end of the stem

Answer 28

TERMINAL OR APICAL BUD

Question 29

* at the upper angle formed by the leaf stalk and the stem called the leaf axil

Answer 29

LATERAL OR AXILLARY BUDY

Question 30

* beside and above the axillary bud

Answer 30

ACCESSORY OR SUPERNUMERARY BUD

Question 31

* on other parts of the plant such as leaves, roots, or internodes

Answer 31

ADVENTITIOUS BUD

Question 32

* the apical meristem shows three distinct regions of meristematic activity

Answer 32

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE STEMS

Question 33

* develops into epidermis GROUND MERISTEM * develops into cortex

Answer 33

PROTODERM

Question 34

* develops into primary vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)

Answer 34

PROCAMBIUM

Question 35

* One cell layer derived from the protoderm composed of cells with thick walls and covered by a layer of cutin

Answer 35

EPIDERMIS

Question 36

* A middle region composed of an outer zone of collenchyma, an inner zone of parenchyma and a layer of endodermis consisting of thick walled cells

Answer 36

CORTEX

Question 37

* An inner region composed of primary vascular tissue made up of primary xylem and primary phloem *Xylem and phloem are arranged in cylinders

Answer 37

STELE OR VASCULAR CYLINDER

Question 38

Inner portion

Answer 38

xylem

Question 39

Outer portion

Answer 39

phloem

Question 40

Each vascular bundle is called

Answer 40

fascicles

Question 41

the whole circle.

Answer 41

Vascular cylinder

Question 42

Each fascicle is surrounded by the _____

Answer 42

bundle

Question 43

sheath composed is of

Answer 43

sclerenchyma and collenchyma

Question 44

The middle portion

Answer 44

pith

Question 45

cambium outside fascile

Answer 45

Interfascicular cambium

Question 46

cambium inside fascile

Answer 46

Fascicular cambium

Question 47

scattered bundles of xylem and phloem, they are numerous at the periphery of the stem

Answer 47

Vascular tissues

Question 48

on the inner side of the bundle and

Answer 48

xylem

Question 49

on the outer side of the bundle

Answer 49

phloem

Question 50

-Vascular tissues are scattered bundles of xylem and phloem, they are numerous at the periphery of the stem - Xylem and phloem NEVER form continuous cylinders of tissues - xylem on the inner side of the bundle and phloem on the outer side of the bundle -Cambium - ABSENT Greater part of stem consists of parenchyma tissue * Vascular bundles are usually surrounded by sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells for support

Answer 50

HERBACEOUS MONOCOT STEM

Question 51

Greater part of stem consists of __________

Answer 51

parenchyma tissue

Question 52

usually surrounded by sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells for support

Answer 52

Vascular bundles

Question 53

* Derived from the vascular cambium

Answer 53

SECONDARY VASCULAR TISSUES

Question 54

* Consisting of phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium), and phelloderm (secondary parenchyma)

Answer 54

PERIDERM

Question 55

originates from the epidermis or a layer of cells in the cortex which will give rise to the inner phelloderm and outer phellem

Answer 55

Cork cambium

Question 56

TWO DISTINCT REGIONS OF AN OLD WOODY STEM

Answer 56

BARK WOOD

Question 57

All tissues external to the vascular cambium

Answer 57

BARK

Question 58

* Composed of the xylem * Inside the vascular cambium

Answer 58

WOOD

Question 59

* lighter, outer region which represents the newly formed xylem for the conduction of water and inorganic salts * alive

Answer 59

SAPWOOD

Question 60

* darker, inner region and no longer able to conduct materials because its tracheary elements have been clogged with waste products * dead * old xylem

Answer 60

HEARTWOOD

Question 61

* Provides mechanical support for leaves and other plant organs * Conducts water, mineral salts and manufactured food * Produces new living tissues

Answer 61

FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM

Question 62

center of tissues; mass of parenchyma cells

Answer 62

Pith

Question 62

holes in the vessels, tracheids

Answer 62

Pit