Stereotypes Flashcards
(26 cards)
What are stereotypes?
Generalised beliefs about a group associated with characteristics.
What are descriptive stereotypes?
Characteristics a group is believed to have
What are prescriptive stereotypes?
Characteristics people expect members of that group to have.
What is prejudice?
- Biased evaluations of a group and its members
- Feelings and attitudes about a person or group
- Evaluative conditioning
What is Discrimination?
Differential treatment on the basis of their group membership
Typical working model
Stereotypes –> Prejudice –> Discrimination
Implicit bias - Stereotypes/Prejudice
- Unconscious and automatic mental associations leading to discrimination
- Implicit Association Test
How to justify stereotypes?
- Groups differ in real ways - norms and beliefs
- Over-generalisation and applied to all group members
What is Motivated Reasoning?
- Stereotyping to justify poor treatment
- Leads to biased hypothesis testing
What are self-fulfilling prophecies?
Our actions contribute to stereotyped behaviour
What is the social identity perspective?
Group memberships contribute to how we feel about ourselves - self esteem, positive self regard
Describe the intergroup and individual approaches to reduce prejudice and discrimination
- Intergroup approaches - Changing group interactions and boundaries (contact hypothesis, social identity approach)
- Individual approaches - Target prejudiced beliefs and emotions (normative influence, self affirmation)
What is the contact hypothesis?
- Having members of antagonistic groups interact (equal status, common goals, support)
- prejudice is greatest when all conditions are present
Meta analysis (Pettigrew and Tropp 2006)
- 713 samples from 515 studies
- intergroup contact significantly improved outgroup attitudes
What are the extensions of the contact hypothesis?
- Extended contact
- Imagined contact
- Vicarious contact
- Virtual contact
What does imagined contact effect?
implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes, emotions and actual behaviour
What is vicarious contact?
Integrates the ideas of extended contact with principles of SLT (observing actions of another person)
What is virtual contact?
Computer mediated communication enabling contact between individuals
What are the mediators?
Affective processes
- Group based anxiety.
- Empathy and perspective taking
What are the moderators?
Typicality - how typical are encountered outgroup members?
Group status - positive contact more effective for advantaged groups
Valence of contact - contact quality vs quantity
What is re-categorisation in social identity approaches?
Downplaying separate group identities by focusing on shared superordinate groups
What is de-categorisation in social identity approaches?
downplay group identity and focus on individual identity
What is integration in social identity approaches?
recognises both group differences and commonalities
What is interdependence?
people can overcome prejudice in the short term when their own outcomes depend on it.
