Stereotyping Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is a stereotype?
The social perception of an individual in terms of group membership or physical appearance.
How can stereotypes be characterized?
They can be both positive or negative.
What is stereotyping a form of?
Social categorization.
What do researchers attribute stereotyping to?
Schema processing.
What is the illusory correlation according to Hamilton and Gifford (1976)?
People see relationships between two variables when there are none.
What are the two ways that stereotypes are formed according to Schneider (2004)?
- Indirectly: product of culture or society
- Directly: result of own experiences with others
What are the two important sources for the formation of stereotypes according to Campbell (1967)?
- Personal experiences with individuals and groups
- Gatekeepers: media, parents, other members of the person’s culture
What does the term ‘cognitive bias’ refer to?
The tendency to make errors in judgment based on cognitive factors.
What was the aim of Hamilton and Gifford’s (1976) study?
To see whether minority groups were associated with negative traits.
What were the findings of Hamilton and Gifford’s study regarding minority groups?
Participants overestimated negative traits in the minority group.
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to overlook information that contradicts existing beliefs.
What was the aim of Snyder and Swann’s (1978) study?
To test stereotyping and bias when participants were told something beforehand.
What effect does stereotype threat have on individuals?
It occurs when one fears being judged or treated stereotypically.
What are the two ways stereotyping affects behavior?
- Stereotype threat
- Memory distortion
What was the aim of Steele and Aronson’s (1995) study?
To investigate the existence and consequences of stereotype threat.
What were the findings of Steele and Aronson’s first experiment regarding African-American participants?
Their scores decreased significantly when told the test was diagnostic of verbal ability.
What was the aim of Jane Elliot’s Brown Eyes/Blue Eyes study?
To emphasize the effects of discrimination and group bias on personal self-esteem.
What did blue-eyed participants do in Jane Elliot’s study?
They became arrogant and discriminated against brown-eyed participants.
What were the effects on brown-eyed participants in Jane Elliot’s study?
They became timid and compliant, performing worse academically.
What is one ethical concern regarding Jane Elliot’s study?
It is ethically questionable.
Fill in the blank: Stereotyping is a form of _______.
[schema processing]
True or False: Stereotypes are always negative.
False
Fill in the blank: The phenomenon of overestimating a link between variables is called _______.
[illusory correlation]
What is Schema Processing
Our mind has mental frameworks that help organize information
