Stomach and Intestins

Question 1

gastroesophageal junction epithelial transition

Answer 1

stratified squamous to simple columnar

Question 2

layers of stomach, internal to external

Answer 2

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
adventitia

Question 3

mucosa lining

Answer 3

simple columanar mucous secreting cells

Question 4

layers of muscularis externa

Answer 4

inner oblique
middle circular
outer longitudinal

Question 5

gastric pits of body and fundus

Answer 5

short pits

elaborate glands

Question 6

cell types and their location in gastric pits

Answer 6

mucous neck cells- upper
parietal cell- upper 2/3
chief cells- base
neuroendocrine cells- base
stem cells-base

Question 7

parietal cell function

Answer 7

HCl and Intrinsic factor secretion

Question 8

intercellular cannaliculi

Answer 8

tubule system in parietal cells where HCl acumulates

Question 9

stimulators of parietal cell secretion

Answer 9

gastrin
ACh
histamine

Question 10

inhibitors of parietal cell secretion

Answer 10

proton pump inhibitors

histamine receptor blockers

Question 11

autoimmune gastritis

Answer 11

autoantibodies against parietal cells or blockage of IF binding to B12

Question 12

pernicious anemia

Answer 12

anemia caused by autoimmune gastritis caused deficiency of B12

Question 13

function of chief cells

Answer 13

secrete digestive enzymes (pepsinogen)

Question 14

function of neuroendocrine cells

Answer 14

regulate water and electrolyte metabolism
enzyme secretion
GI motility
mucosal growth
other hormone release

Question 15

gastric pits of cardiac stomach

Answer 15

short pits and glands

Question 16

cells in cardiac stomach

Answer 16

surface mucous
mucous neck
some parietal

Question 17

gastric pits of pyloric stomach

Answer 17

long pits, short glands

Question 18

cell types of pyloric stomach

Answer 18

mucous cells- lots

neuroendocrine cells- gastrin and somatostain

Question 19

gastritis triggers

Answer 19

NSAIDs
alcohol
cigarettes
stress hormones
bile reflux into stomach

Question 20

helobactor pylori

Answer 20

type of bacteria that can cause gastritis because it attaches to surface epithelium and destroys the mucous coat resulting in ulcerations from HCl contacting unprotected surface epithelium

Question 21

zollinger-ellison syndrome

Answer 21

gastrin secreting tumor in pancreas (or stomach) which causes high HCl section which results in ulcers and inactivation of pancreatic enzymes–> sterratorea and diarrhea

Question 22

areas at risk of dysplasia, neoplasia, and metaplasia

Answer 22

gastroesophageal junction

below pectinate line of anus

Question 23

gastroduodenal junction epithelial transition

Answer 23

simple columnar epithelium
switch from secretive to absorptive
pyloric sphincter formed by thickening of inner circular layer of muscle

Question 24

plicae

Answer 24

permanent visible folds in small intestine submucosa

Question 25

layers if SI muscular externa

Answer 25

inner circular | outer longitudinal

Question 26

enterocyte function in SI

Answer 26

simple columnar absorptive have microvilli to increase the surface area with brush boarder enzymes to finish digestion also coat and secrete IgA

Question 27

goblet cells of SI

Answer 27

secrete mucous

Question 28

crypts of Lieberkuhn

Answer 28

intestinal glands of columnar absorptive cells, goblet cells, panted cells, stem cells, and M cells

Question 29

M cell function

Answer 29

antigen presenting

Question 30

panted cell funciton

Answer 30

secrete lysozymes, defensins, ang glycoproteins

Question 31

characteristics of duodenum

Answer 31

short villi and runners glands

Question 32

ampulla of Vater

Answer 32

valve where bile and pancreatic enzymes enter duodenum

Question 33

sphincter of oddi

Answer 33

smooth muscle thickening where bile and pancreatic enzymes enter duodenum

Question 34

neuroendocrine cells in duodenum release

Answer 34

secretin which stimulates pancreatic d cut cells to release bicarb cholecystokinin- stimulates pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction

Question 35

brunner's glands

Answer 35

alkaline mucous secreting cells in submucosa of duodenum

Question 36

characteristics of jejunum

Answer 36

most pronounced place long vili no runner's glands of peyer's patches

Question 37

peyer's patches

Answer 37

MALT bunches that extend into the lamina propr. of the Ileum

Question 38

characteristics of the Ileum

Answer 38

broad, flat, short microvilli | Peyer's patches of MALT

Question 39

tiena coli

Answer 39

outer longitudinal muscle of colon arranged into 3 bands

Question 40

area of GI tract with most goblet cells

Answer 40

colon

Question 41

features of colon

Answer 41

``` no villi lots of goblet cells crypts of lieberkuhn no lymphatic vessels collagen layer under basal lamina ```

Question 42

lower 1/3 of rectum

Answer 42

anal canal

Question 43

features of anal canal

Answer 43

anal columns anal sinuses anal valves highly innervated

Question 44

pectinate line

Answer 44

where anal canal epithelium switches form simple columnar to stratified squamous

Question 45

location of hemmorrhdial venous plexus

Answer 45

submucosa of anal canal

Question 46

internal anal sphincter

Answer 46

inner circular layer thickening of muscular external of anal canal

Question 47

anus features

Answer 47

keratinized stratified squamous circumanal glands muscularis external of skeletal muscle

Question 48

malabsorptive syndromes and possible causes

Answer 48

poor absorption of fat, protein, carb, salts or water brush boarder defects defective bile secretion abnormal pancreatic enzymes

Question 49

gluten enteropathy

Answer 49

immune mediated inflammatory response of SI resulting in atrophy and flattening of villi and hyperplasia of intestinal glands cause of malabsorptive syndrome

Question 50

diverticular disease

Answer 50

high intraluminal pressure (poor diet fiber) and weakened muscle leads to a mucosa herniation- pocket where bacteria can accumulate and lead to infection and inflammation and possible perforation and hemorrhage

Question 51

crohn's disease

Answer 51

chronic inflammation of small intestine (ileum) patch ulceration siwth normal mucosa between, may have domed areas of edemas mucosa and submucosa inflammation can be transmural

Question 52

ulcerative colitis

Answer 52

affects colon and rectum acute phases with intermittent remission lots of inflammation but rarely transmural high rate of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in chronic cases

Question 53

inflammatory pseudopolyps

Answer 53

seen in ulcerative colitis | superficial ulcers with normal mucosa above the ulcerations

Question 54

colon polyps

Answer 54

benign adenomas with varying degrees of dysplasia

Question 55

adenocarcionma

Answer 55

malignant adenomas, commonly found in sigmoid colon

Question 56

appendix

Answer 56

same as colon, just smaller diamater | lymphoid tissue in submucosa

Question 57

appendicitis

Answer 57

acute inflammation with surface ulcerations and exudates | possible to spread through all layers and into peritoneum--> peritinitis