STOMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND ENT Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are the two types of otitis externa?
Diffuse otitis externa: P. aeruginosa; canal inflammation, discharge, worsens with chewing
Furuncular otitis externa: Staph. aureus; painful swelling at canal entrance, often due to trauma (e.g. scratching with earbuds)
How is diffuse otitis externa treated?
Keep ear dry
Acetic acid 2% in alcohol, 3–4 drops every 6 hours for 5 days
No antibiotics usually needed
How is furuncular otitis externa treated?
Antibiotics: Cephalexin or Flucloxacillin
<7 yrs: 12–25 mg/kg q6h x 5 days
≥7 yrs: 500 mg q6h x 5 days
Penicillin allergy: Erythromycin or Azithromycin
What are key signs and treatment of acute otitis media (AOM)?
Pain, fever, red/bulging eardrum, loss of hearing
Children ≤3 yrs: Amoxicillin 45 mg/kg q12h x 5 days
3 yrs and adults: Amoxicillin 500 mg q8h x 5 days
Pain: Paracetamol
Referral if not improved after 72h or complications
What are the symptoms and causes of allergic rhinitis?
Blocked nose, sneezing, nasal itching, conjunctival symptoms; triggered by allergens like dust, pollen, pets.
Management of allergic rhinitis?
1st line: Budesonide nasal spray
Short-term: Chlorphenamine or oxymetazoline (max 5 days)
Long-term: Cetirizine (not in children <2 yrs)
Avoid allergens
What are features and treatment of viral rhinitis (common cold)?
Sx: Sneezing, congestion, cough, malaise (self-limiting)
Tx: Fluids, rest, saline drops (infants), antihistamines, paracetamol.
Avoid antibiotics
What causes and manages epistaxis (nosebleeds)?
Cause: trauma, hypertension, bleeding disorders
Management: pinch nose for 5–10 min, nasal tampon if needed
Referral: if recurrent or bleeding doesn’t stop
What are the signs and treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis?
Sx: Worsening cold after 5–7 days, purulent discharge, sinus pain
Tx: Amoxicillin, oxymetazoline (max 5 days), saline rinse, paracetamol
Referral: fever >48h, poor response >5 days, complications
What causes and complicates tonsillitis/pharyngitis?
Cause: viral mostly; Group A Strep in some
Complications: Rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
How is streptococcal tonsillitis/pharyngitis treated?
1st line: Benzathine penicillin IM or phenoxymethylpenicillin PO x10 days
Allergy: Erythromycin or Azithromycin
Paracetamol for pain
Referral if: ≥6 episodes/year, abscesses, rheumatic fever suspected
Symptoms and management of teething?
Sx: Drooling, gum swelling, irritability, chewing
Non-pharm: Massage, teething rings, cold items
C/I: Local oral anaesthetics
Refer: if fever or diarrhoea
What causes dental caries and how can they be prevented?
Cause: Plaque + Streptococcus mutans + acid → enamel demineralisation
Prevention: Fluoride toothpaste, good oral hygiene
What is uncomplicated gingivitis and how is it managed?
Gum inflammation: red, swollen, bleeds easily
Tx: Oral hygiene, salt mouthwash, Chlorhexidine 0.2% x 5 days
Paracetamol if needed
What is periodontitis?
Advanced gingivitis causing bone loss and tooth loosening
Refer to dentist urgently
What causes oral thrush and who gets it?
Candida albicans
Affects infants, immunosuppressed, denture users, antibiotic users
How is oral thrush treated?
Nystatin 100,000 IU/mL oral suspension, 1 mL QID x 7 days
Spread over mucosa with finger in infants
Continue 48h after symptoms resolve
Refer if no improvement or oesophageal involvement
Characteristics of oral herpes (HSV-1)?
Painful vesicles/ulcers on lips, gums, tongue
Self-limiting (10 days), preceded by tingling prodrome
Recurs with triggers: sun, stress, illness, immunosuppression
Treatment for oral herpes?
Symptomatic: salt rinse, fluids, paracetamol
Tetracaine 0.5% topical in >6 yrs
Acyclovir if severe, or for immunocompromised
Refer if severe, dehydrated, or not improving after 7 days
What are aphthous ulcers and their types?
Painful round ulcers in mouth
Minor <1 cm: heal in 2 weeks
Major >1 cm: very painful, may signal HIV
How are aphthous ulcers managed?
Minor: salt rinses, paracetamol, tetracaine for older children
Refer major ulcers for further evaluation
Common triggers of aphthous ulcers?
oral trauma, stress, foods (chocolate, nuts, coffee—not due to allergy)
