Strangles

Question 1

Strangles is caused by

Answer 1

Streptococcusequi

Question 2

virulent isolates are/are not encapsulated

Answer 2

are encapsulated

Question 3

The capsule

Answer 3

impedes neutrophils to bind/ingest/kill

Question 4

Transmission

Answer 4

purulent discharge

direct and indirect contact

Question 5

Are there carriers?

Answer 5

Yes. Some horses continue to shed the bacteria weeks after clinical signs have disappeared

Question 6

Bacteria enter through the __________________ and affect the___________

Answer 6

mouth/nose

tonsils

Question 7

The __________________ is infected in 10% of horses

Answer 7

guttural pouch

Question 8

This develops in the guttural pouch of some horses

Answer 8

empyema

Question 9

The empyema allows the horse to transmit disease for

Answer 9

years

Question 10

Bacteria reach the _________________ and ________________ lymph nodes within _________

Answer 10

mandibular and suprapharyngeal

hours

Question 11

Clinical signs: Fever ______ days after exposure

Answer 11

3 - 14

Question 12

Clinical signs: ____________ nasal discharge

Answer 12

mucopurulent

Question 13

Clinical signs: swelling and __________ formation

Answer 13

abscess

Question 14

Clinical signs: behavioral

Answer 14

anorexia, depression

Question 15

Clinical signs: discharge from the

Answer 15

eyes (ocular)

Question 16

Older horses develop a milder/stronger disease

Answer 16

milder

Question 17

Nasal shedding of bacteria (timeframe, start/stop)

Answer 17

after latent period of 4-14 days and stops 3-7 weeks post acute infection unless guttural pouches infected.

Question 18

Irritations (3)

Answer 18

pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis

Question 19

In infection of the guttural pouch, pus collects

Answer 19

on the ventral floor

Question 20

the thickened, congealed pus that results from empyema

Answer 20

chondroids

Question 21

Diagnosis of strangles

Answer 21

Culture of nasal swabs/ washes/ aspirated pus
Blood tests - serology
Compare titers between sequential samples
PCR (most sensitive)

Question 22

Serum titers peak at ___ (days/weeks/months) after exposure and remain high for at least ___

Answer 22

5 weeks

6 months

Question 23

The greatest challenge with strangles is the

Answer 23

asymptomatic carriers

Question 24

_____ % of horses on farms with recurring strangles are carriers

Answer 24

4-50%

Question 25

All horses that had signs of infection should be tested __ times and be negative on all before being reintroduced to healthy horses

Answer 25

3

Question 26

Treatment (feed)

Answer 26

soft, moist, palatable

Question 27

Antibiotics are only useful before

Answer 27

abscess formation

Question 28

most horses do/do not require antibiotics

Answer 28

do not

Question 29

Challenge of horses treated with antibiotics

Answer 29

do not develop immunity and are highly likely to be reinfected if they are exposed again

Question 30

Abscess treatment

Answer 30

hot packs/ichthamol to enhance maturation/drainage lance once matured daily flushing of open abscess with 3-5% povidone NSAIDS maybe antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporins, macrolides) after abscess is suppurated

Question 31

If antibiotics are used, treatment usually takes

Answer 31

weeks

Question 32

antibiotic of choice

Answer 32

penicillin

Question 33

Bastard Strangles

Answer 33

Metastasis (spread) may occur to other locations - carried by bloodstream or lymphatic vessels, causing abscesses in other parts of the body: lung, liver, spleen, kidqneys, brain

Question 34

Bastard strangles can happen in up to ___% of infected horses

Answer 34

30%

Question 35

Other complications

Answer 35

septic arthritis pneumonia purpura hemorrhagica

Question 36

Purpura Hemorrhagica caused by

Answer 36

immune complexes attacking good vessel walls

Question 37

Treatment of Purpura Hemorrhagica

Answer 37

Dexamethasone + antibiotics

Question 38

Immunity to strangles persists

Answer 38

5+ years

Question 39

Vaccine types

Answer 39

IM, intra-nasal

Question 40

Horses that have had strangles in the previous year should/should not be vaccinated

Answer 40

should not

Question 41

What makes quarantine of strangles horses difficult?

Answer 41

sub-clinical carriers | movement of horses

Question 42

Always handle _____ horses first

Answer 42

"clean"

Question 43

Pastures used to house infected horses should be rested for ___ days/weeks/months

Answer 43

4 weeks

Question 44

The __________ vaccine provides the best local immunity

Answer 44

intranasal

Question 45

Improper vaccination can result in

Answer 45

poor protection or complications at injection site

Question 46

Do not vaccine during

Answer 46

an outbreak or after clinical infection

Question 47

_______________ testing can help determine better timing for vaccination

Answer 47

blood antibody

Question 48

Penicillin challenges

Answer 48

IM is very painful Oral is less effective IV must be given at hospital