Strep And Entero Flashcards
1
Q
belong to the family Streptococcaceae
A
Streptococcus spp. and enterococcus spp.
2
Q
Inhabit various sites, notably the upper respiratory tract, and live harmlessly as commensals.
A
Streptococcus and enterococcus
3
Q
Both of the genera are catalase-negative (weak reaction), gram-positive cocci that are usually arranged in pairs (agar) or chains (broth)
A
Streptococcus and enterococcus
4
Q
The cells of Enterococci and some Streptococci appear more
A
Elongated than spherical
5
Q
Strepto and entero are Poor growth on Nutrient Media such as
A
Trypticase soy agar
6
Q
Production of numerous exotoxins that can damage RBC under the
A
Smith and brown classification
7
Q
The Lancefield Grouping was developed in 1930s by
A
Rebecca lancefield
8
Q
Produces a zone of partial hemolysis with a greenish discoloration around the colonies on blood agar
A
Alpha-hemolytic (α) Streptococci
9
Q
Streptococci producing α-hemolysis are also known as
A
Viridans streptococci
10
Q
Produces a complete hemolysis and Sharply defined, clear, colorless zone of hemolysis around the colony induced by bacterial hemolysins
A
Beta (ß) Hemolytic Streptococci
11
Q
No red blood cell is visible on microscopic examination in clear zone of complete hemolysis.
A
Beta hemolytic streptococci
12
Q
constitutes the principal marker for potentially pathogenic streptococci in cultures of throat swabs or other clinical samples
A
Beta hemolytic streptococci
13
Q
Produce no hemolysis on blood agar.
A
Gamma (γ) or Non-hemolytic Streptococci
14
Q
What is an important organism of this group gamma or non hemolytic streptococci
A
Enterococcus faecalis
15
Q
What is alpha color around colonies
A
Green
16
Q
What is the members or organism of alpha
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
17
Q
What is the color around the colonies of beta
A
Clear
18
Q
What is the member or organism of beta
A
Streptococcus equisimilis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus Agalactiae
Enterococcus faecalis
19
Q
What organisms or members are not true pathogen
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus agalactiae
Enterococcus faecalis
20
Q
What are most commonly found in lancefield grouping associated with human infections.
A
Group a, b, c, d, and g
21
Q
What organisms are in group A
A
Streptococcus pyogenes
22
Q
What organisms is in group B
A
Streptococcus agalactiae
23
Q
What organism is in group C
A
Streptococcus equisimilis
Streptococcus equi
Streptococcus dysogalactiae
Streptococcus zoopidimidus
24
Q
What organism is in group D (enterococci)
A
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus avium
Enterococcus durans
25
What organism is in group D (non-enterococci)
Streptococcus bovis
Streptococcus equinus
26
part of cell wall; antiphagocytic
M protein
27
principal virulence factor of Group B Streptococci; antiphagocytic or prevents oxidized phagocytosis by neutrophils/macrophages
Capsule
28
hemolytic exotoxins
Hemolysin
29
hemolytic exotoxins
Hemolysin
30
highly immunogenic; measured using ASO (antistreptolysin O) test; responsible for hemolysis on SBA plates that are incubated anaerobically that is active in reduced form
Streptolysin O (oxygen labile)
31
hemolysis seen in cultures that have been incubated aerobically; non-immunogenic
Streptolysin S (oxygen stable)
32
What toxin causes Scarlet Fever
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin/ erythrogenic toxin
33
is a red spreading rash
Scarlet fever
34
What toxin causes Acute Glomerulonephritis
Nephrogenic toxin
35
4 Immunologically distinct exotoxins:
SpeA
SpeB
SpeC
SpeF
36
spreading factors localized in the skin and important virulence factor for pathogenesis of invasive diseases
Streptokinase
37
spreading factors localized in the skin and enzyme that solubilizes the ground substance of mammalian connective tissues (hyaluronic acid) to separate tissue and spread infection (unsupported hypothesis)
Hyaluronidase
38
spreading factors localized in the skin; S. pyogenes DNases: A, B (most common), C, D
DNAse
39
antigenic; antibodies to DNAse can be detected after infection
DNAse
40
adhesion molecules that mediate attachment to host’s epithelial cells
Lipoteichoic Acid and Protein F
41
affects proteins on bacterial surface (along with M proteins & fibronectin binding proteins) secures attachement to oral mucosal cells
Lipoteichoic Acid
42
produced by S. agalactiae (group B)
CAMP Factor
43
diffusible, heat stable protein; enhances the beta-hemolysis of S. aureus
CAMP factor
44
generates a co-hemolytic reaction for identifying S. agalactiae in the lab
CAMP factor
45
In Gram Stain morphology
Gram-positive cocci in pairs or chains
46
Cultural Characteristics
Pinpoint colonies
47
Cultural Characteristics of streptococcus pyogenes
small, transparent and smooth; beta-hemolytic
48
Cultural characteristics of streptococcus agalactiae
grayish white mucoid colonies; beta-hemolytic (small zone)
49
determines if gram + cocci is staphylococci or streptococci
Catalase test
50
Presumptive identification of S. pyogenes
Bacitracin susceptibility test / taxo A
51
Differentiates Group A Streptococci from other Streptococci
Bacitracin susceptibility test/ taxo A
52
What gives positive results in bacitracin susceptibility test/ taxo A
Group a streptococcus
53
What gives negative result in bacitracin susceptibility test / taxo A
Other beta hemolytic streptococci spp.
54
Test for Group B Streptococci (S. agalactiae from other streptococcus spp.)
Christie-atkinson-munch-peterson test
55
What is known organism in christie-atkinson-munch-peterson
Staphylococcus aureus
56
Unknown organism in christie-atkinson-munch-peterson (Beta-hemolytic, catalase negative, pinpoint and bacitracin resistant)
Group B streptococci
Streptococcus agalactiae
57
What positive result and organism in christie-atkinson-munch-peterson
Arrow head hemolysis (group B streptococci)
Bowtie appearance (streptococcus agalactiae)
58
Organisms including Group B streptococci produce a diffusible extracellular hemolytic heat stable protein called
CAMP factor
59
Test for identifying Group A and Group D Streptococci; differentiates enterococcus spp. (PYR +) from Group D Strep
PYR hydrolysis test
60
What is the positive result of PYR hydrolysis test
Cherry red/pink
61
What is the enzymes of PYR hydrolysis test
pyrroglutamylamino peptidase or pyrrolidomylaryl amidase
62
What is the substrate of PYR hydrolysis test
L-pyrrolidonyl-beta-napthylamide
63
What is the reagent of PYR hydrolysis test
p-dimethyl-aminocinnamaldehyde
64
What organisms is the only PYR + strep and is susceptible to bacitracin and hydrolyzes PYR.
Streptococcus pyogenes
65
Differentiate Group D from Beta-hemolytic
Bile esculin test
66
What is the enzymes of bile esculin test
Esculinase
67
What is the positive result and organism of bile esculin test
Blackening of medium (group D)
68
Test for Group B Streptococci
Hippurate test
69
Test for Group B Streptococci
Hippurate test
70
Medium used in hippurate test
Broth with hippurate
71
Reagent indicator for hippurate test
Ninhydrin
72
What is the positive result and organism in hippurate test
Purple (streptococcus agalactiae)
73
What enzyme can be seen in hippurate test
Hippuricase
74
Further test from Bile Esculin Test
Salt Tolerance Test (6.5% NaCl)
75
Test used To identify Enterococci
Salt tolerance test (6.5% NaCl)
76
What is the positive result and organism in salt tolerance test
Turbid (enterococci)
77
What is the negative result and organism in salt tolerance test
Clear/transparent (non-enterococci)
78
Used for presumptive identification of Enterococcal group D
Salt tolerance test (6.5% NaCl)
79
What is the substrate of Leucine Aminopeptidase Test
Leucine-βeta -naphthylamide/ βeta-naphthylamine
80
What reagent used for leucine aminopeptidase test
paradimethylaminocinnamaldehyde reagent
81
What reagent used for leucine aminopeptidase test
paradimethylaminocinnamaldehyde reagent
82
What is the positive result and organism in leucine aminopeptidase test
Red color (viridans streptococci)
83
is used with bacitracin as presumptive identification test for B-hemolytic streptococci on Blood agars.
Sulfametoxazole susceptibility Test
84
What is resistant in sulfametoxazole susceptibility test
Group A&B in mixed culture
85
What is susceptible in sulfametoxazole susceptibility test
Other streptococcus spp. in mixed culture
86
Used when facilities for serologic group determination are unavailable.
Sulfametoxazole susceptibility test
87
Detect carbohydrate component of the cell wall of Streptococci
Serological test
88
What is the name of the test used in serological test
Streptex
89
What is the principle of serological test
Antigen (from colonies) and antibody (from reagent)
90
What is the positive result and organism of serological test
Agglutination/clumping (group A streptococci)
91
What is the negative result and organism of serological test
No clumping (streptococcus agalactiae)
92
Group A streptococci under Lancefield clinical test
Streptococcus pyogenes
93
CLINICAL INFECTIONS OF S. PYOGENES
Gas (Group A streptococci) infection
94
“Strep throat” – most often seen in children between 5 and 15 years of age
Bacterial Pharyngitis
95
How do bacterial pharyngitis spread
Droplet and close contact
96
How many day of incubation period of bacterial pharyngitis
1-4 days
97
Sign and symptoms of bacterial pharyngitis
Sore throat
Malasie
Fever
Headache
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Tonsils and pharynx are inflamed
Swollen and tender cervical lymph nodes
98
a localized skin disease, begins as small vesicles that progress to weeping lesions; inoculation of organisms through minor abrasions or insect bites
Impetigo
99
followed by deeper invasion of streptococci; life-threatening; with bacteremia or sepsis.
- Patients with peripheral vascular disease or diabetes – leads to gangrene
Cellulitis
100
is a rare infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues observed frequently in elderly patients
Lesion characteristics: acute spreading, intensely erythematous with plainly demarcated but irregular edge
Erysipelas
101
is a rare infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues observed frequently in elderly patients
Lesion characteristics: acute spreading, intensely erythematous with plainly demarcated but irregular edge
Erysipelas
102
caused by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin
Scarlet fever
103
Diffuse red rash on upper chest and spreads to the trunk and extremities
Scarlet fever
104
Flesh-eating disease or syndrome”, “Suppurative fasciitis”, “Hospital gangrene”, “Necrotizing erysipelas” Life-threatening if early intervention is not done
Necrotizing Fasciitis (NF)
105
An uncommon invasive infection characterized by rapidly progressing inflammation and necrosis of the skin, subcutaneous fat, and fascia
Necrotizing fasciitis
106
A condition in which the entire organ system collapses, leading to death; reported since 1980s
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
107
Two serious complications or sequelae of GAS disease: postreptococcal sequelae
Rheumatic Fever
Acute Glomerulonephritis
108
Characterized: fever and inflammation of the heart, joints, blood vessels and subcutaneous tissues
Most serious result: chronic, progressive damage to the heart valves
Rheumatic Fever
109
Follows after cutaneous or pharyngeal infection
More common in children than in adults
Acute Glomerulonephritis
110
What is the drug treatment for gas
Penicillin
111
If the patient that has GAS is allergic to penicillin what drug treatment should used
Erythromycin
112
Significant cause of invasive disease in newborn; Most infections of infants occur in the first 3 days after birth, usually within 24 hours (identified in 1970s)
Streptococcus agalactiae
113
Two clinical syndromes are associated with neonatal GBS disease: streptococcus agalactiae
early-onset infection and late-onset infection
114
pneumonia and sepsis; <7 days old; accounts for ~80% of newborn clinical cases; mostly due to vertical transmission from mother (in vagina or rectal area)
Early-onset infection
115
meningitis and sepsis; at least 7 days old to about 3 months old; Commonly associated with obstetric complications, prolonged rupture of membranes, and premature birth
Late-onset infection
116
Drug of choice for treatment for late onset infection
Penicillin
117
Some clinicians recommend a combination for GBS infection
Ampicillin and aminoglycoside
118
S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (animal pathogen; glumerolonephritis and dramatic fever)
Group C and G streptococci
119
Classified with the pyogenic streptococci; Beta-hemolytic isolates – belong to the subspecies S. dysagalactiae subsp. equisimilis (also exhibited group A and L antigens); common in domestic animals
Large-colony forming isolate
120
Beta-hemolytic isolates – belong to the S. anginosus group (Under viridans streptococci group)
Small-colony forming isolate
121
isolated from variety of infections
Streptococcus pneumoniae/pneumococcus/diplococcus
122
Most frequently isolate in children younger than 3 years old with recurrent otitis media
Streptococcus pneumoniae
123
In gram stain morphology streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive cocci in pairs (diplococci)
124
common procedure to identify S. pnemoniae from viridans streptococci
Optochin Susceptibility Test
125
Chemical composed of ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride
Optochin test/ taxo P
126
What is susceptible in optochin test/taxo p
Pneumococci
127
What is resistant in optochin test/taxo p
Viridans streptococci
128
Determines the lysis of S. pneumoniae in the presence of bile salts
Bile solubility test
129
Test used only for streptococcus pneumoniae
Bile solubility test
130
is used only if organism is alpha-hemolytic.
Optochin test and bile test
131
Test used Only S. pneumoniae can ferment inulin (carbohydrate)
Inulin fermentation
132
What is the indication of inulin fermentation
Phenol red
133
What is the positive result and organism of inulin fermentation
Yellow (streptococcus pneumoniae)
134
What is negative result and organism of inulin fermentation
Red/pink (viridans group)
135
Biochemical reaction where antibodies bind to the capsule of S. pneumonia which allows visualization of bacteria under microscope
Capsular Swelling Reaction or Nueffeld Quellung Reaction
136
Biochemical reaction where antibodies bind to the capsule of S. pneumonia which allows visualization of bacteria under microscope
Capsular Swelling Reaction or Nueffeld Quellung Reaction
137
What is the positive result and organism of Capsular Swelling Reaction or Nueffeld Quellung Reaction
Obvious cell wall or capsule (streptococcus pneumoniae)
138
What is the negative result and organism of capsule swelling reaction
No capsule ( all other alpha hemolytic streptococci)
139
identified strains of S. pneumoniae which is virulent and non-virulent when injected into mice
Mouse virulence test
140
Who is involves in mouse virulence test
Fred neufeld
141
Positive result of mouse virulence test
Death of test animal
142
Test for previous infection of S. pneumoniae
Francis Skin Test
143
Erythrogenic test; Patient must not have rashes; 2-3 days
Francis skin test
144
Positive result of francis skin test
Wheale formation in skin
145
Drug of choice for s. Pneumoniae
Penicillin
146
Normal flora of the upper respiratory tract, female genital tract and gastrointestinal tract
Streptococcus pneumoniae
147
means “green”; referring to the alpha-hemolysis ability of many species
Viridans
148
Are opportunistic pathogens but can, cause disease in compromised defenses.
Viridans streptococci
149
The most common cause of viridans streptococci
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
150
normal flora of oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract; Associated with abscess formation in the oropharynx, brain and peritoneal cavity
Streptococcus anginosus group
151
normal flora of oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and female genital tract; also transient normal flora of the skin; Most common isolates associated with bacterial endocarditis in native valves and less frequently, in prosthetic valve infections
Streptococcus mitis group
152
most commonly isolated among the viridans streptococci; Usually isolated from the oral cavity
Streptococcus mutan
153
primary contributor to dental caries; Most common member of the mutans group associated with bacteremia
Streptococcus mutan
154
Frequent cause of nosocomial infection – UTI (most common) followed by bacteremia; Prolonged hospitalization is a risk factor for acquiring enterococcal bacteremia
Enterococci
155
receiving hemodialysis, immunocompromised patients with a serious underlying disease, prior surgical procedure
Bacteremia
156
elderly patients with prosthetic valves or valvular heart disease. Accounts for ~10% of bacterial endocarditis.
Endocarditis
157
SPECIES: S. pyogenes
Hemolysis:
Group of antigen:
Common name:
Disease:
Beta
A
Group a streptococci
Scarlet fever and pharyngitis
158
SPECIES: S. Agalactiae
Hemolysis:
Group of antigen:
Common name:
Disease:
Beta
C
Group C streptococci
Pharyngitis and pyogenic infection
159
SPECIES: S. Faecalis
Hemolysis:
Group of antigen:
Common name:
Disease:
Beta
D
Group D streptococci
wound infection and bacteremia
160
SPECIES: S. Bovis and S. Equinus
Hemolysis:
Group of antigen:
Common name:
Disease:
Alpha/gamma
D
Non-Enterococci
Wound infection and endocarditis
161
SPECIES: S. Pneumoniae
Hemolysis:
Group of antigen:
Common name:
Disease:
Alpha
None
Pneumonococcus/diplococcus
Meningitis and bacteremia
162
SPECIES: viridans
Hemolysis:
Group of antigen:
Common name:
Disease:
Alpha/gamma
None
Viridans streptococci
Endocarditis
