Stress

Question 1

Homeo means

Answer 1

same

Question 2

stasis means

Answer 2

stable

Question 3

homeostasis is

Answer 3

Ideal set point in the body

Where balance is achieved

Question 4

Allo means

Answer 4

Variable or different

Question 5

Allostasis addresses

Answer 5

the need to alter “set-points” based on certain situations

Anticipation of increased demand

Question 6

Allostasis involves

Answer 6

altering multiple physiologic variables to match demands

Question 7

2 types of stress

Answer 7

physical or psychological

Question 8

force causing stress is called

Answer 8

stressor

Question 9

What is Eustress

Answer 9

Positive reaction of the body

Question 10

What is distress

Answer 10

negative reaction

Question 11

What influences response to stress

Answer 11

Genetics
Culture
Prior experiences/ Environment
Pre-existing health status
Allostatic state
Ability to manage stress

Question 12

what is general adaptation syndrome

Answer 12

A similar response by the body no matter what the stressor

Question 13

What 3 processes do we go through during General Adapttation syndrome

Answer 13

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

Question 14

What 3 characteristics define Alarm

Answer 14

initial state of arousal

Body’s initial defense mechanism

fight or flight response

Question 15

what hormone does the hypothalamus secrete to initiate the fight or flight response

Answer 15

CRH Corticotropin Releasing hormone

Question 16

What does CRH activate

Answer 16

Sympathetic nervous system
(adrenergic response)
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

Question 17

what does the SNS activate

Answer 17

adrenal medulla

Question 18

what does the adrenal medulla release

Answer 18

norepinephrine

epinepherine

Question 19

What does norepinephrine do

Answer 19

primary Constricts smooth muscle in our blood vessels

regulates blood flow through the tissues

distributes to organs

Maintains blood pressure by constricting smooth muscles blood vessels

dialate pupils

decrease gastric secretion

inhibits insulin secretion

works on pancreas

Question 20

what does epinephrine do

Answer 20

enhances heart contractility
cardiac output
venous return
rate
relaxes smooth muscles
dialates airways
stimulats liver to increase glycogenolysis
inhibits insulin secretion from pancreas
influences production of cytokines

Question 21

In the HPA Axis what does CRH stimulate

Answer 21

Anterior pituitary

Question 22

Stimulation of the anterior pituitary stimulates what

Answer 22

ACTH

Question 23

ACTH stimulates what

Answer 23

adrenal cortex

Question 24

ACTH tells the adrenal cortex to make what

Answer 24

glucocorticoids

Question 25

what is the primary glucocorticoid produced

Answer 25

cortisol

Question 26

Cortisol increases what

Answer 26

cardiac output and blood pressure levels of amino acids

Question 27

cortisol decreases what

Answer 27

luteinizing hormones, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone

Question 28

cortisol atrophys what

Answer 28

lymph tissues

Question 29

cortisol causes a limited increase in what

Answer 29

WBC response

Question 30

what is the primary mineralocorticoid

Answer 30

Aldosterone

Question 31

what does aldersterone do

Answer 31

works in kidneys to absorb sodium, excrete potassium and hydrogen ions promotes fluid retention increases extracellular volume increases BP

Question 32

what do glucocorticoids promote

Answer 32

synthesis of epinephrine

Question 33

catecholamines and glucocorticoids work together to promote what

Answer 33

development of memory teaches brain how to respond to stress in future

Question 34

resistance

Answer 34

counteract the effects of continued stressor on the body

Question 35

SNS activation causes what response

Answer 35

adrenergic response

Question 36

Parasympathetic nervous system activation causes what respones

Answer 36

cholinergic response

Question 37

What 2 ways is resistance met

Answer 37

counteract effects of continued stress stressor is removed - relaxation

Question 38

What is exhaustion

Answer 38

stressor is not relieved Body can bo longer achieve homeostasis depleted energy stores inability to adapt

Question 39

what areas can not maintain homeostasis

Answer 39

hypertrophy of adrenal cortex atrophy of lymphatic tissue

Question 40

Chronic stress can have a negative impact on what

Answer 40

physical and mental well being

Question 41

cortisol can cause what in chronic stress

Answer 41

immunosuppression decreased response of WBC atrophy of thymus decreased T-cells

Question 42

chronic stress can cause excessive what

Answer 42

catecholamine response

Question 43

Allostatic overload or chronic stress problems

Answer 43

``` Hair loss Tension Mouth sores Asthma Palpitations Tics Digestive disorders Irritable bladder Acne Irregular periods Impotence Sleep disturbances ```

Question 44

Sleep deprivation can cause

Answer 44

``` Irritability and moodiness Apathy Impaired memory Poor judgement Hallucinations can develop ```

Question 45

stress can play factors in what diseases

Answer 45

``` Coronary artery disease Hypertension Stroke Tension headaches Rheumatoid arthritis Autoimmune diseases Irritable bowel syndrome Ulcers Sexual disorders Type 2 DM ```

Question 46

over production of stress hormones can cause what

Answer 46

Increased risk of infection Autoimmune disorders Decreased healing Prolongation of existing infections

Question 47

Cortisol helps what

Answer 47

CHO and glucose metabolism

Question 48

Cortisol characteristics

Answer 48

``` Effects are opposite of insulin Supply glucose to the brain Gluconeogenesis Decreased peripheral glucose utilization Inhibit glucose uptake by muscles and adipose tissue Promote glucose storage – glycogen Protein metabolism Fat redistribution ```