Structural cardiac abnormalities Flashcards by Emily Lake

What are examples of valvular disease(4)

Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation

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What does stenosis of valves mean

The valves do not open properly

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What does valve regurgitation mean

the valves do not close properly

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What are the types of aortic stenosis (3)

degenerative
Congenital
Rheumatic

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What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis (3)

breathlessness
Chest pain
Dizziness/syncope

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What are the signs of aortic stenosis (3)

low volume pulse
Forceful displaced apex
Ejection systolic murmur (may radiate to carotids)

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What are the treatment options fro aortic stenosis (3)

conventional valve replacement
Trans-catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI)
Balloon aortic valvotomy (BAV)

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What are the causes of aortic regurgitations(5)

leaflets (valves)
- endocarditis
- connective tissue diseases
- rheumatic
Root
- marfan’s sydnrome
- aortic dissection

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What are the symptoms of aortic regurgitation (2)

breathlessness
Angina

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What are the signs of aortic regurgitation (3)

collapsing pulse
Displaced apex
Early diastolic murmur (heard at left sternal edge)

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What treatment is used for aortic regurgitation (2)

ACE inhibitors
Valve replacement

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What are the causes of mitral stenosis and which one is more common (2)

rheumatic (most common)
Congenital

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What are the symptoms of mitral stenosis (3)

breathlessness
Fatigue
Palpitations

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What are the types of valvular heart disease (4)

aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation

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What does valve stenosis mean

The valves do not open properly

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What does valve regurgitation mean

the valves do not close properly

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What are the types of aortic stenosis (3)

rheumatic
Degenerative
Congenital

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What are the symptoms of aortic stenosis (3)

breathlessness
Chest pain
Dizziness/syncope

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What are the signs of aortic stenosis (3)

low volume pulse
Forceful displaced apex
Ejections systolic murmur (may radiate to carotids)

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What treatment is used for aortic stenosis (3)

Conventional valve replacement
Trans catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI)
Balloon aortic valvotomy (BAV)

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What are the causes of aortic regurgitation (5)

leaflets (valves)
- endocarditis
- connective tissue diseases
- rheumatic
Roots
- marfan’s syndrome
- aortic dissection

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what are the symptoms of aortic regurgitation (2)

breathlessness
Angina

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What are the signs of aortic regurgitation (3)

collapsing pulse
Displaced apex
Early diastolic murmur

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What treatment is used for aortic regurgitation (2)

ACE inhibitors Valve replacement

what are the causes of mitral stenosis and which is more common (2)

rheumatic (more common) Congenital

What are the symptoms of mitral stenosis (3)

breathlessness Fatigue Palpitations

What are the signs of mitral stenosis (3)

malar flush Tapping apex beat Mid-diastolic rumbling

What treatment use used for mitral stenosis (4)

diuretics Drugs to treat atrial fibrillation Valve replacement Balloon valvuloplasty

What are the causes of mitral regurgitation (4)

Leaflets (rheumatic, endocarditis etc) Chordae rupture Papillary muscle rupture Annular dilation

What are the symptoms of mitral regurgitation (3)

breathlessness Peripheral oedema Fatigue

What are the sings of mitral regurgitation (2)

displaced apex Pan-systolic murmur

What are the treatment options for mitral regurgitation (5)

diuretics ACE inhibitors Repair Replacement Percutaneous

What treatment option is used for prolapse mitral regurgitation

Valve repair

What treatment option is used for degenerative mitral regurgitation

valve replacement

What are the types of prosthetic heart valves (2)

mechanical Bio-prosthetic

Describe mechanical prosthetic valves (3)

long-lasting Require use of warfarin Normally used for younger patients

Describe bio-prosthetic valves (3)

Last ~10 years don’t require use of warfarin Used for older patients

What are examples of non-ischaemic heart diseases (6)

Cardiomyopathy Endo/myo/peri - carditis Carcinoid heart disease Tumours Arrhythmias Valvular disease

What is cardiomyopathy (2)

any disease of cardiac muscle Often results in changes in the size of the chambers and the thickness of the heart

What are the types of cardiomyopathy (5)

dilated Restrictive Hypertrophic Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Amyloidosis

Describe dilated cardiomyopathy (3)

the heart is 2-3 times the normal size The heart is flabby and floppy Hypertrophic changes

What are the clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy (3)

(general picture of heart failure) Shortness of breath Poor exercise tolerance Low ejection fraction

What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy (4)

genetics Toxins Infection Childbirth

Describe restrictive cardiomyopathy (4)

stiff heart Lack of compliance Does not fill well (diastolic dysfunction) Bi-atrial dilatation due to back pressure

What are the causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy (6)

Deposition Metabolic byproducts Amyloid Sarcoidosis Tumours Radiation fibrosis

Describe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (3)

strong contraction Diastolic dysfunction Outflow obstruction (eventually)

What is the cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Genetic

Describe Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia cardiomyopathy

the right ventricle is largely replaced by fat

What are the clinical signs of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (2)

syncope Arrhythmia

What is the cause of arrhythmogenic right ventriclar dysplasia

genetics (autosomal dominant, low penetrance)

What are the causes of myocarditis (4)

Infectious (all infectious agents) Immune-mediated hypertensive reactions to drugs “ “ to infections Lupus

What are the types of pericarditis (2)

serous (low protein content) Suppurative

What are the causes of pericarditis (5)

infection Immune mediated Connective tissue disorder (SLE) Extension of inflammation after MI (Dressler’s syndrome) Uraemia

Describe what happens in Dressler’s syndrome (simple)

the damaged heart muscle from MI releases material (which is previously unencountered) that stimulates an immune response

Describe infectious endocarditis (2)

aggregation of colonies of valves (vegetations) These vegetations are friable and can cause emboli

Describe non-infectious endocarditis (4)

multiple small, sterile vegetations Vegetations do not destroy valves Vegetations can cause embolic disease Usually occurs during a hypercoagulable state

What is non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis associate with (2)

cancer and sepsis

What is carcinoid heart disease (2)

when neoplasms of neuroendocrine cells occur Right sided cardiac valve disease

What are the symptoms of carcinoid heart disease (4)

skin flushing Nausea Vomiting Diarrhoea

what are tumours of the myocardium called

Rhabdomyomas

What are tumours of blood vessels called (2)

angiomas Angiosarcomas

What can myxoma cause (2)

valve obstruction Myxoid emboli

What are the symptoms of myxomas (2)

fever Malaise

Carney’s syndrome

multiple myxomas

What are examples of types of inherited cardiac conditions (3)

cardiomyopathy Channelopathy Aortopathy

What causes channelopathies

Mutations in genes which encode cardiac ion channels

What are examples of channelopathies (2)

congenital long QT syndrome/cLQTS Brugada syndrome

What organisms is associated with infective endocarditis in patients with no past medical history

staph aureus

which condition is likely to cause a fourth heart sound

aortic stenosis

Which condition is most likely to cause a widely split S2

mitral regurgitation

Which organism is associated with infective endocarditis in patients with a prosthetic valve surgery 2 months ago

staphylococcus epidermidis

how is native valve endocarditis managed (2)

Amoxicllin Gentamicin

How is prosthetic valve endocarditis managed (4)

Vancomycin Gentamicin (Rifampicin) Valve replacement

How is endocarditis linked to IV drug usuage treated

Flucloaxicllin

Structural cardiac abnormalities Flashcards

(75 cards)