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Unit 3 - Anatomy and Physiology > Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues and Organs > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the main parts of a cell

A 
nucleus
ribosomes
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
lysosomes
centrioles
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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2
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

the control centre of the cell that contains the DNA

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3
Q

What is the role of centrioles?

A

They play an important part in spindle formation during cell division, making mitotic spindle that connects to chromosomes to give new cells the correct amount of DNA

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4
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

it’s where aerobic cellular respiration takes place

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5
Q

What’s the role of ribosomes?

A

they make proteins

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6
Q

What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it’s a temporary storage area for proteins, before passing them out to the golgi apparatus in vacuoles

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7
Q

What is the role of golgi apparatus?

A

it packages proteins to deliver to other organelles and it produces lysosomes

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8
Q

What’s the role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it aids the metabolism of fats

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9
Q

What is the role of lysosomes?

A

they contain powerful enzymes that digest and destroy old or damaged organelles, and bacteria

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10
Q

Name the 4 different types of tissue?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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11
Q

Name the 4 different types of simple epithelial tissue

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar
ciliated

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12
Q

Describe the structure of squamous cells

A

very flat (squashed) with a nucleus forming a lump in the centre

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13
Q

Where can you find squamous cells?

A

lung alveoli

blood capillaries

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14
Q

What’s the function of squamous cells?

A

allow materials to pass through via diffusion and osmosis

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15
Q

Describe the structure of cuboidal cells

A

cube shaped with a spherical nuclei

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16
Q

Where can you find cuboidal cells?

A

kidney tubules
sweat ducts
thyroid gland
breast tissue

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17
Q

What’s the function of cuboidal tissue?

A

they line ducts and tissues allowing material to pass through. In glandular tissues they make secretions

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18
Q

Describe the structure of columnar cells

A

Tall (rectangular) with a slightly oval nuclei

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19
Q

Where can you find colomnar cells?

A

villi of small intestine

female reproductive system

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20
Q

What’s the function of columnar cells?

A

they’re involved in movement

e.g. moving the ovum towards the uterus

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21
Q

Describe the structure of ciliated cells

A

they’re a type of columnar cell with microscopic filaments called cilia on

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22
Q

Where can you find ciliated cells?

A

lining of the trachea and bronchi

villi in the small intestine

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23
Q

What’s the role of ciliated cells?

A

the cilia move in wave like motions moving things along it.

e.g. in the ailmentary tracts they transport the flow of dirty mucus to the exterior

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24
Q

What are compound epithelial cells?

A

layers of simple epithelial cells

they cna be squamous, cuboidal or columnar

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25
Where can you find compound epithelial cells?
vagina, mouth, tongue, oesophagus
26
What's the function of compound epithelial cells?
protect deeper structures with multiple layers of cells | to hamper the passage of materials
27
What makes a cell keratinised?
they're filled with a protein called keratin
28
What's the role of keratinised cells?
they help prevent micro-organisms invade deeper structures and waterproof the skin
29
Name the 5 types of connective tissue
``` Dense (cartilage) Blood Bone Areola Adipose ```
30
Name the 4 components of blod
white blood cells red blood cells platelets plasma
31
Describe the function of plasma
it carries gasses, nutrients, enzymes and hormones
32
describe the function of red blood cells
transport oxygen to muscles and carbon dioxide back to lungs
33
What is the technical term for red blood cells?
erythrocytes
34
Which type of blood cell are known as erythrocytes?
red blood cells
35
What is the technical term for white blood cells
leucocytes
36
Name the 3 types of white blood cells
granulocytes lymphocytes monocytes
37
What are the functions of the white blood cells?
granulocytes - engulf bacteria lymphocytes - produce antibodies to neutralise antigens and prevent bacteria from multiplying monocytes - phagocytosis (engulf and destroy bacteria)
38
What's the technical term for platelets?
thrombocytes
39
Which component of blood is known as thromocytes?
platelets
40
What's the function of platelets?
clot blood
41
Where can you find cartilage?
end of bones | in the ears and nose
42
What's the function of cartilage?
protects the ends of bone from friction during movement | it forms the major part of the nose and external ear flaps
43
Where cna you find bone cells?
e.g. femur, ribs, pelvs
44
What's the function of bone?
bear weight protect vital organs make red blood cells
45
What is areolar tissue?
the sticky white material found on meat
46
What's the function of areolar tissue?
it binds muscle groups, blood vessels and nerves together
47
What is adipose tissue?
fatty tissue
48
Where can you find adipose tissue?
under the skin | around organs such as the heart and kidneys
49
What's the function of adipose tissue?
insulation shock absorber high energy store
50
Identify the 3 types of muscle tissue
non-striated / smooth striated / skeletal cardiac
51
Which types of muscle tissue are involuntary?
non-striated/smooth | cardiac
52
Where can you find smooth / non-striated muscle?
stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, blood vessels
53
What's the function of non-striated / smooth muscle?
propel food (peristalsis), waste products, blood through them
54
Where can you find striated / skeletal muscle?
attached to bones of the skeleton e.g. biceps, abdominals
55
What is the function of striated / skeletal muscle?
movement
56
Where can you find cardiac muscle?
in the heart
57
What's the function of cardiac muscle?
pump blood around the body
58
Identify the different parts of a nervous tissue cell (neuron)
``` cell body nucleus dendrites axon myelin sheath (made from schwann cells) nodes of ranvier (between myelin sheath) ```
59
Where can you find nervous tissue?
in the nervous system - the brain, spinal cord and nerves
60
What's the function of nervous tissue?
to receive stimuli from external sources and help maintain homeostasis by coordinating and communicating between body parts
61
Whats another name for skeletal muscle tissue?
striated
62
What's another name for smooth muscle tissue?
non-striated
63
What's the technical name for the muscle tissue found in the heart?
cardiac muscle
64
Name the 4 chambers of the heart
left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle
65
Describe the functions of the stomach
mixes saliva, food and gastric juices holds food before releasing it into the small intesting secretes gastric juice, which includes hydrocholoric acid, pepsin, intrinsic factor and gastric lipase to aid digestion of food
66
What's the function of the heart?
pump blood around the body
67
What's the function of the lungs?
inhalation and exhalation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
68
What's the function of the brain?
it receives and sends nervous ipulses as a means of communicaton to the body
69
Where can you find the heart
between the lungs in the chest
70
Where can you find your lungs?
one on either side of the heart, filling the chest cavity
71
Where can you find your brain?
in your skull
72
Where can you find your stomach?
on the left side of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm
73
What type of tissue is the heart made up of?
cardiac tissue
74
What type of tissue is the brain made up of?
nervous tissue
75
Where can you find the liver?
on the righ of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm
76
What's the role of the liver?
secretes bile salts | stored glycogen
77
Where can you find the pancreas?
it lies between the stomach and duodenum (under the liver)
78
What's the role of the pancreas?
it secretes digestive juices into the small intesting | it secretes insulin and glucagon
79
Name the 2 parts of the small intestine
duodenum | ileum
80
What's the role of the duodenum?
it passes chyme to the ileum
81
What's the role of the ileum?
it passes undigested chyme to the colon | it absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream
82
What's the role of the colon?
it absorbs water and produces semi-solid faeces
83
Where cna you find the kidneys?
one on each side of the back wall of the abdomen
84
What's the role of the kidneys?
they eliminate waste products and water, maintaining homeostasis
85
What's the role of the bladder?
it collects and stores urine until it's released
86
What type of cells are found in the small intestine?
non-striated (smooth) muscle, lined with columnar, and ciliated epithelium
87
Where can you find the ovaries
one on each side of the pelvis, below the kidneys
88
What's the role of the uterus?
``` produces ova (eggs) secretes oestrogen and progesterone ```
89
Where can you find the testes?
one on either side of the penis in the scrotum
90
What's the role of the testes?
produce sperm | secrete testosterone
91
What's the role of the uterus?
produces new epithelium monthly and support and protects the foetus until birth. It contracts powerfully to expel the foetus and placenta during birth

Unit 3 - Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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