Structure and function of normal red blood cells

Question 1

red blood cells have a many ————– to keep the ion concentrations right

Answer 1

sodium-potassium pumps

Question 2

sodium potassium pumps help

Answer 2

keep water out

Question 3

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

Answer 3

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

Question 4

hemoglobin is a ——————- protein

Answer 4

tetrameric globular

Question 5

what is the heme group?

Answer 5

fe2+ and flat porphyrin ring

Question 6

how many heme groups are there?

Answer 6

one heme per subgroup

Question 7

one oxygen molecule binds to

Answer 7

one Fe2+

Question 8

what are the functions of haemoglobin?

Answer 8

deliver oxygen to tissues
act as a buffer for H+
CO2 transportation

Question 9

where is the hypoxia sensor located?

Answer 9

in the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys

Question 10

erythropoietin is produced in the?

Answer 10

kidneys

Question 11

erythropoietin stimulates ———— to undergo hyperplasia?

Answer 11

erythron

Question 12

the erythron is located in the?

Answer 12

bone marrow

Question 13

what are the raw materials required to make red blood cells?

Answer 13

iron, folate and B12

Question 14

what type of response is red cell production?

Answer 14

negative feedback

Question 15

where does red cell destruction normally take place?

Answer 15

spleen (and liver)

Question 16

what is the average life-span of red blood cells

Answer 16

120 days

Question 17

which cells take out aged red cells?

Answer 17

macrophages

Question 18

the globe chains are recycled to?

Answer 18

amino acids

Question 19

what is the heme group broken down to?

Answer 19

iron and bilirubin

Question 20

bilirubin is taken to?

Answer 20

liver and conjugated

Question 21

conjugated bilirubin is present in?

Answer 21

bile (colors faeces and urine)

Question 22

lots of free radicals are generated from?

Answer 22

the oxygen present around the red cell

Question 23

how can freee radicals cause challenges for red cells?

Answer 23

they oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+

damage proteins

Question 24

what is the glycolysis pathway called?

Answer 24

embed-meyerhof pathway

Question 25

what is sacrificed to prevent oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+

Answer 25

NADH

Question 26

what is Fe3+ called?

Answer 26

metHB

Question 27

what prevents oxygen from becoming superoxide?

Answer 27

superoxidase dismutase

Question 28

what does superoxide cause?

Answer 28

interacts with proteins, DNA etc and damages their structure

Question 29

what converts hydrogen peroxide to water?

Answer 29

peroxidase catalase

Question 30

superoxide is converted to?

Answer 30

hydrogen peroxide

Question 31

what protects us from hydrogen peroxide by reacting with it to form water?

Answer 31

glutathione

Question 32

when glutathione reacts with hydrogen peroxide you get?

Answer 32

water and an oxidized glutathione product

Question 33

how is oxidized glutathione replenished?

Answer 33

NADPH

Question 34

what generates NADPH?

Answer 34

the hexose monophosphate shunt

Question 35

what is the rate-limiting enzyme in this process?

Answer 35

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 36

majority of CO2 is transported as?

Answer 36

bicarbonate

Question 37

in tissues Co2 and water make?

Answer 37

H2CO3

Question 38

what enzymecatalyses Co2 and Water?

Answer 38

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 39

H2CO3 then forms?

Answer 39

H+ and HCO3- and Cl-

Question 40

where does Cl- come from?

Answer 40

it enters to presence potential

Question 41

how is H= buffered?

Answer 41

by deoxygenated Hb

Question 42

how is HCO3- exported?

Answer 42

facilitated diffusion between Cl-

Question 43

what is the Hb allosteric effect?

Answer 43

as one oxygen bind to a subunit the Hb changes shape and this alters how easy it is for the next O2 to bind to a different subunit changing shape again, cooperative binding

Question 44

what is different about foetal hemoglobin?

Answer 44

as maternal blood flows through the placenta at the same partial pressure, there is increased foetal hemoglobin saturation than normal haemoglobin saturation

Question 45

small molecules can interact with Hb and?

Answer 45

affect the shape of the curve and how much oxygen is delivered to the tissues

Question 46

in chronic anaemia what pathway is activated?

Answer 46

Rapapoport-Lubering shunt

Question 47

this is when 1,3 bisphosphoglycaerate is converted to?

Answer 47

2,3,BPG

Question 48

2,3, BPG causes the curve to shift?

Answer 48

to the right resulting in more O2 delivered to tissues