structure and general function of the respiratory system

Question 1

functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

• provide O2, Eliminate CO2 (gas exchange)
• regulate blood pH
  -Phonation (speech)
• microbial defense
• elimination and secretion of chemical messengers (example: ACE)
• traps and dissolves blood clots arising from the systemic veins

Question 2

what is the random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Answer 2

diffusion

Question 3

pulmonary respiration refers to

Answer 3

ventilation (breathing) and the exchange of gases in the lungs

Question 4

cellular respiration relates to

Answer 4

O2 utilization and CO2 production by the tissues

Question 5

gas exchange between the blood and the tissues is known as

Answer 5

internal respiration

Question 6

mechanical process of moving air into the out of the lungs is

Answer 6

ventilation

Question 7

gas exchange between the lungs and the blood is

Answer 7

external respiration

Question 8

portion of tidal volume that does not reach the alveolar is

Answer 8

dead space ventilation

Question 9

random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is

Answer 9

diffusion

Question 10

upper respiratory tract includes the

Answer 10

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

Question 11

Lower respiratory
tract includes the

Answer 11

trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, the respiratory bronchioles, and alveoli

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an important function the larynx?

-Prevention of aspiration
-Phonation
-Mastication
-Control of airflow during breathing

Answer 12

mastication

Question 13

functions of conducting zone

Answer 13

• provides a low resistance pathway for airflow
• cilia, mucus, and macrophages provide a defense against microbes and other harmful chemicals (filtration)
• warms and humidifies the air
  -phonation

Question 14

function of respiratory zone

Answer 14

• gas exchange
• microbe dense
• removal and secretion of chemicals
• trap and dissolve blood clots

Question 15

bronchial smooth muscle stimulated - B2 receptors

Answer 15

stimulated by epinephrine and will cause bronchodilation

Question 16

bronchiole smooth muscle - Muscarinic receptors

Answer 16

• stimulated by PSNS and will cause bronchovasoconstriction

Question 17

gas exchange between

Answer 17

alveolar wall into capillaries

Question 18

type 1 alveolar cells characteristics and purpose

Answer 18

flattened epithelial cells (squamous cell) of the lung where gas exchange takes place. make up 97% of the lung surface

Question 19

type 2 alveolar cells characteristics and purpose

Answer 19

cells are granular and roughly cuboidal epithelial cells - produces surfactant

Question 20

role of surfactant

Answer 20

decreases surface tension allowing the lungs to expand

Question 21

interdependence of alveoli

Answer 21

allows the alveoli to expand during inspiration

Question 22

increase alveolar wall tension pulls the airway further open to

Answer 22

reduce resistance and facilitate more airflow

Question 23

air cal flow between

Answer 23

alveoli as well

Question 24

importance of alveoli

Answer 24

gas exchange

Question 25

to increase air flow you could

Answer 25

do stacking breathing which allows air to flow one alveoli to another

Question 26

ventilation is the

Answer 26

movement of air that occurs because of bulk flow

Question 27

inspiration occurs when

Answer 27

volume of lung increases

Question 28

expiration occurs when

Answer 28

volume of lung decreases

Question 29

afsdf

Answer 29

contraction of respiratory muscles

Question 30

inspiration thoracic cavity

Answer 30

expands

Question 31

inspiration the lungs

Answer 31

diaphragm contract vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity increase

Question 32

inspiration the ribs

Answer 32

are elevated and thoracic cavity widens

Question 33

during inspiration the sternum

Answer 33

moves anteriorly and thocic cavity expands

Question 34

expiration is

Answer 34

active

Question 35

inspiration is

Answer 35

passive

Question 36

position of lungs/pleural pressure

Answer 36

-intrapleural pressure - pariteal pleura -pleural cavity - visceral pleura -intrapulmonary pressure

Question 36

alveolar fluid lost to evaporation is replenished by the fluid in the

Answer 36

pleural cavity

Question 37

fluid in the pleural cavity is repelnsiehd by fluid moving in form the

Answer 37

capillaries

Question 37

excess fluid is drained by the

Answer 37

lymphatic system

Question 38

what would happen if a person were to fracture a rib, puncturing the parietal pleura

Answer 38

intrapleural pressure would increase and the lung would collapse

Question 39

muscles of inspiration

Answer 39

- scalene -sternocleidomastoid - external intercostal muscle - diaphragm

Question 40

muscles of expiration

Answer 40

- internal intercostal muscles - external oblique -rectus abdominis -internal oblique -transverse abdominis

Question 41

respiratory muscles consume what percentage of O2 utilized by the body at rest

Answer 41

5

Question 42

during exercise, respiratory muscles consumption increase to

Answer 42

30%

Question 43

what would cause an increase in the work of breathing

Answer 43

being at altitude

Question 44

airflow depends on

Answer 44

-pressure difference between two ends of air way - resistance of airways

Question 45

airflow =

Answer 45

change of pressure / resistance

Question 46

airway resistance depends on

Answer 46

- diameter of the airway - laminar or turbulent flow -viscosity of the gas

Question 47

dead space is defined as

Answer 47

the air in the lugs thats in the conducting zone is not getting any gas exchange

Question 48

pulmonary ventilation is

Answer 48

movement of gas into and out of the lungs

Question 49

v=

Answer 49

volume of gas

Question 50

dot over Means

Answer 50

per minute

Question 51

Vt =

Answer 51

tidal volume

Question 52

Vd

Answer 52

dead space

Question 53

Va

Answer 53

alveolar

Question 54

VE

Answer 54

pulmonary ventilation

Question 55

VE =

Answer 55

Vt x f or VE = VT x RR

Question 56

f =

Answer 56

frequency of breathing

Question 57

dead space ventilation refers to the

Answer 57

portion of tidal volume that does not reach the alveolar compartment

Question 58

alveolar ventilation refers to the

Answer 58

portion of the tidal volume that reaches the alveolar compartment (gas exchange surface)

Question 59

alveolar ventilation can be computed as

Answer 59

Va = (VT-VD) x RR

Question 60

respiratory volumes tidal volume definition

Answer 60

amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during quiet breathing

Question 61

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 61

amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort

Question 62

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 62

amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort

Question 63

residual volume (RV)

Answer 63

amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; that is, the amount of air that can never be voluntarily exhaled

Question 64

weakness of the diaphragm would resulting in what change in spirometry

Answer 64

decreased inspiratory capacity

Question 65

what happens if you don't have residual volume

Answer 65

collapse lung

Question 66

FEV

Answer 66

forced expiratory volume

Question 67

meaning of FEV1

Answer 67

maximum volume of air exhaled in 1 sec

Question 68

why does the ability to exhale air forcefully indicate obstructive lung disease

Answer 68

during exhalation, tension pulling the smaller airways open decreases - smaller diameter = greater resistance to airflow

Question 69

chronic inflammation causes

Answer 69

- loss of proteins holding the smaller airways open leading to greater collapse - thickened airways (smaller diameter) - constriction of the bronchiole smooth muscle which is exacerbated with rapid airflow (myogenic constriction)

Question 70

if total lung volume is small you could say that the force

Answer 70

the force of air will be small

Question 71

asthma results in

Answer 71

bronchoconstriction because of an irritant (bronchiole smooth muscle spasms)

Question 72

what medications is used for asthma

Answer 72

anticholinergic