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BIOLOGY! > Structures and Functions in Living Organisms > Flashcards

Structures and Functions in Living Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What do most organisms have in common?

A

8 life processes

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2
Q

What are the eight life processes?

A 
nutrition
excretion
movement
growth
respiration
response to stimuli
reproduction
controlling their internal enviroment
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3
Q

What is nutrition?

A

needing nutrients to provide energy and raw materials for growth and repair

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4
Q

Name 2 waste products (excretion)

A

carbon dioxide and urine

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5
Q

What are all living organisms made up of?

A

cells

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6
Q

What are the tiny structures inside a cell called?

A

organelles

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7
Q

Name the organelles found in a typical animal cell

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondria

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8
Q

Name the organelles found in a typical plant cell

A 
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus 
mitochondria
cellulose cell wall
permanent vacuole
chloroplasts
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9
Q

Similar cells are organised into….

A

tissues

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10
Q

Tissues are organised into…

A

organs

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11
Q

Organs make up…

A

organ systems

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12
Q

How do cells release energy from food?

A

by respiring

aerobically and anaerobically

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13
Q

How can substances move in and out of cells?

A

diffusion
osmosis
active transport

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14
Q

What are the levels of organisation in an organism?

A 
organelle
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
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15
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

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16
Q

What do enzymes control?

A

All the reactions in a cell

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17
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

Speeds up a reaction without being used up or changing the reaction

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18
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

proteins (chains of amino acids)

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19
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A molecule that is changed in a reaction

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20
Q

What is an active sight?

A

A part of the enzyme where the substrate joins on to the enzyme

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21
Q

What kind of model shows an enzyme working?

A

the ‘lock and key’ model

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22
Q

When the substrate enters the active sight, what is it then called?

A

A substrate complex

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23
Q

What two factors affect the rate of enzymes?

A

pH

temperature

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24
Q

In an enzyme.. a higher temperature means..

A

an increased rate of reaction

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25
Q

What happens when the temperature of an enzyme is too hot?

A

Some of the bonds holding the enzymes together will break
This makes the enzyme lose its shape
The active sight no longer fits the substrate
The enzyme is DENATURED

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26
Q

What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?

A

37 degrees

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27
Q

What is the process of cells breaking down small food molecules to release stored energy?

A

cellular respiration

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28
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Energy)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ Energy)

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29
Q

What do cells use aerobic respiration for?

A

Use oxygen to oxidise food

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30
Q

What is it called when cells have to respire with no oxygen?

A

anearobic respiration

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31
Q

When does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

In muscle cells when they are working hard during excersize

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32
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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33
Q

What are diffusion rates affected by?

A

concentration
temperature
available surface area

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34
Q

Where does diffusion happen?

A

In both liquids and gases

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35
Q

Diffusion is passive… What does this mean?

A

It takes place down a concentration gradient and does not use energy

36
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

37
Q

Name an example of a partially permeable membrane

A

A cell membrane

38
Q

In osmosis there is a steady…

A

net flow

39
Q

If a cell is short of water, the solution inside will become…

A

quite concentrated

40
Q

Why does a cell short of water become concentrated?

A

So water can move into the cell by osmosis

41
Q

If a cell has lots of water, the solution inside it will become…

A

more dilute

42
Q

Are plants single celled or multi-cellular?

A

multi-cellular

43
Q

What do plants store carbohydrate as?

A

Sucrose or starch

44
Q

What are plant cell walls made up of?

A

cellulose

45
Q

What do Animals store carbohydrate as?

A

Glycogen

46
Q

What are vertebrates?

A

animals that have a backbone (vertebral column)

47
Q

Name some invertibrates

A

sponges
molluscs
starfish

48
Q

What do fungi feed off?

A

Other organisms

49
Q

What are the two types of fungi?

A

Saprophytes

Parasites

50
Q

Are fungi multi-cellular?

A

Yes but some are single celled

51
Q

What are fungal cell walls made out of?

A

chitin

52
Q

What are multi-cellular fungi made up of?

A

A mycelium

53
Q

What is a mycelium

A

a tangled network of thread-like structures called hyphae

54
Q

What is saprotrphic nutrition?

A

Where FUNGI secrete extracellular enzymes into the area outside their body, to dissolve their food (so they can absorb their nutrients)

55
Q

Many fungi act as…

A

decomposers

56
Q

What do fungi store carbohydrate as?

A

glycogen

57
Q

Name 2 examples of fungi

A

Yeast - single celled

Mucor - multicellular

58
Q

Can fungi photosynthesise?

A

no

59
Q

Name two examples of protoctists

A

Chlorella (plant like)

Amoeba (animal-cell-like)

60
Q

Are protoctists multi-cellular or single celled?

A

single celled

61
Q

Name two examples of bacteria

A

Lacto-bacillus bulgaricus

Pneumococcus

62
Q

Does bacteria cells have nuclei?

A

no

63
Q

Can bacteria photosynthesise?

A

some can

64
Q

What do bacteria feed off?

A

Other organisms

both living or dead

65
Q

What can lactobacillus bulgaricus be used for?

A

makes milk go sour and turn into yoghurt

66
Q

Name the organelles in a bacteria cell

A 
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Circular chromosome
plasmids
67
Q

What are plasmids?

A

extra bits of DNA

68
Q

Name two organelles of a virus particle

A

Protein coat

DNA or RNA

69
Q

Where so viruses reproduce?

A

inside living cells

70
Q

What are organisms that depend on other organisms to live called?

A

parasites

71
Q

Name two viruses and what they cause

A
  1. Influenza virus
    causes flu
  2. HIV
    causes AIDS
72
Q

What does Tobacco mosaic virus do?

A

makes the leaves of tobacco plants discoloured by stopping them from producing chloroplasts

73
Q

Name the bacteria that causes pneumonia

A

Pneumococcus

74
Q

What protoctist causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium

75
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

the movement of particles against a concentration gradient, using energy released during respiration

76
Q

What three factors affect diffusion, osmosis, and active transport?

A

Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Temperature
Concentration Gradient

77
Q

When cells have a larger surface area to volume ratio…

A

The rate of diffusion , osmosis and active transport is higher

78
Q

What does concentration not affect?

A

active transport

79
Q

pepsin is an enzyme working in the stomach. What is its optimum pH?

A

pH 2

hydrochloric acid

80
Q

what happens to the enzymes if the pH is too high/ too low?

A

the pH interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together. This changes the shape of the active site and denatures the enzyme

81
Q

what is the optimum pH for MOST enzymes?

A

neutral - pH 7

82
Q

what is meant by the word ‘turgid’ to describe a plant cell?

A

when a plant is well watered, all its cells will draw water in by osmosis and become plump and swollen

83
Q

what is the name for when, in a turgid cell, the contents of the cell start to push against the cell wall? why does this help the plant?

A

turgor pressure - helps support the plant tissues

84
Q

what happens to plant cells if there’s no water in the soil?

A

the plant starts to wilt because the cells start to lose water and so lose their turgor pressure - they become FLACCID

85
Q

why, even when a cell is flaccid, does it not completely lose its shape?

A

the inelastic cell wall keeps things in position

BIOLOGY! (10 decks)

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