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BIOLOGY! > Coordination and Response > Flashcards

Coordination and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What do receptors detect?

A

Stimuli

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2
Q

What do effectors produce?

A

a response

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3
Q

Where are receptors found?

A

In the sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin)

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4
Q

What are the three types of neurone?

A

sensory
relay
motor

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5
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and the spinal chord

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6
Q

What is the job of the CNS?

A

To coordinate the response

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7
Q

How do neurones transmit information?

A

Using high speed electrical impulses

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8
Q

What are reflexes?

A

automatic responses to certain stimuli

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9
Q

What is the route taken by the information in a reflex called?

A

a reflex arc

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10
Q

Name the reflex arc processes

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory Neurone
Relay Neurone
Motor Neurone
Effector 
Response
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11
Q

What happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors?

A

an impulse is sent along a sensory neurone to the CNS

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12
Q

What is the gap between two neurones called?

A

a synapse

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13
Q

An individual nerve cell is a…

A

neurone

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14
Q

A bundle of neurones is a…

A

nerve

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15
Q

Messages are passed across synapses using…

A

chemicals (chemical transmitters)

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16
Q

What does the conjunctiva do?

A

lubricates and protects the surface of the eye

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17
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

refracts light into the eye

It is transparent and has no blood vessels to supply it with oxygen, so oxygen diffuses in from the outer surface

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18
Q

What does the iris do?

A

controls the diameter of the pupil

therefore how much light enters the eye

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19
Q

What does the lens do?

A

focuses light onto the retina

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20
Q

What is the retina covered in?

A

light receptors called rods and cones

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21
Q

What are rods?

A

A light receptor that is sensitive in dim light but can’t sense colour

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22
Q

What are cones?

A

A light receptor that is sensitive to colours but not dim light

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23
Q

Where are most cones found?

A

The fovea

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24
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemicals released directly into the blood

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25
Q

What are hormones carried in?

A

blood plasma

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26
Q

What are hormones produced in?

A

various glands

27
Q

Do hormones travel fast?

A

no. they travel slow, but tend to have long-lasting afffects

28
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

In the pituitary gland (in the brain)

29
Q

What does ADH do?

A

controls water content, by increasing the permeability of the kidney tubules to water

30
Q

Name 6 hormones

A 
ADH
Adrenaline
Insulin
Testosterone
Progesterone
Oestrogen
31
Q

Where is Adrenaline produced?

A

In the adrenal glands

32
Q

What role and effects does adrenaline have?

A

Readies body for ‘fight or flight’ response

Increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles and blood sugar level

33
Q

What hormone is produced in the pancreas?

A

Insulin

34
Q

What does insulin control?

A

blood sugar level

35
Q

What does insulin stimulate?

A

the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage

36
Q

What two hormones are made in the ovaries?

A

Progesterone

Oestrogen

37
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

In the testes

38
Q

What is the main male sex hormone?

A

testosterone

39
Q

Which hormone supports pregnancy by maintaining the lining of the uterus?

A

progesterone

40
Q

What does oestrogen control?

A

The menstrual cycle

41
Q

What are the differences between hormones and nerves?

A

Nerves have a faster message than hormones
Nerves act for a shorter time than hormones
Nerves act on a very precise area whereas hormones act in a motor general way

42
Q

If the response is really quick, it’s probably…

A

nervous

43
Q

What is the name given to the control in constant internal environment?

A

homeostasis

44
Q

name two examples of homeostasis

A

water content

body temperature

45
Q

Definition of homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

46
Q

How is water lost in the body?

A

Through the skin as SWEAT
Via the lungs in BREATh
Via the kidneys as URINE

47
Q

What happens on a hot day?

A

you sweat a lot
you will produce less and more concentrated urine
you will also lose more water through your breath as you breath faster

48
Q

What happens on a cold day?

A

You don’t sweat much

You produce more, and more dilute urine

49
Q

What is body temperature?

A

27 degrees celsius

50
Q

Smaller organisms can…

A

cool down quicker because they have a smaller surface area to volume ratio

51
Q

Why do animals living in cold conditions have a compact (rounded) shape?

A

To keep their surface area to a minimum, reducing heat loss

52
Q

What are auxins? and what do they control?

A

plant growth hormones, which control growth at the tips of shoots and roots

53
Q

Where is Auxin produced?

A

in the tips

54
Q

Name the two growth responses in plants

A

phototropism (light)

geotropism (gravity)

55
Q

Shoots are positively…

A

phototrophic

56
Q

Shoots are negatively…

A

geotropic

57
Q

Roots are positively…

A

geotropic

58
Q

When a shoot tip is exposed to light…

A

It accumulates more auxin on the side that’s in the shade

This makes cells elongate (grow) faster on the shaded side, so the light bends towards the light

59
Q

When a shoot is growing sideways…

A

Gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip, with more auxin at the lower side
This causes the lower side to grow faster, bending the shoot upwards

60
Q

A root growing sideways will have more auxin on…

A

it’s lower side
but in a root, the extra auxin inhibits growth, this means the cells on top elongate faster, and the root bends downwards

61
Q

Name three ways plants can increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in their environment

A
  • They sense direction of light and grow towards it (maximise light absorption for photosynthesis)
  • Sense gravity - so roots and shoots grow in right direction
  • Climbing plants have sense of touch - reach sunlight
62
Q

Name an example of a plant responding to the presence of predators

A

White clover produce toxins to avoid being eaten

63
Q

Name an example of a plant responding to abiotic stress

A

Carrots produce antifreeze proteins at low temperatures

BIOLOGY! (10 decks)

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