Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho > STUDY GUIDE > Flashcards

STUDY GUIDE Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Crohn’s disease often has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening of the epithelial wall.

A

COBBLESTONES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A bacteria that often is found in patients with GERD and stomach ulcers

A

HELICOBACTER PYLORI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen

A

ASCITES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis

A

OSTEOPENIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD

A

GASTROPARESIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inflammation of muscle and joints

A

MYOSITIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease

A

STEATORRHEA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The bacteria that often causes osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Disease where the large intestine is twisting

A

VOLVULUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The diseases where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned

A

DDD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gallbladder is producing gallstones

A

CHOLECYSTITIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Another name for a bull’s eye rash of Lyme Disease

A

ERYTHEMA MIGRANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bleeding from hemorrhoids

A

HEMATOCHEZIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inflammation of a joint

A

ARTHRITIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Blood in stool

A

MELENA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Infection of gallbladder leading to purulent effusion

A

EMPYEMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Heberden’s nodes

A

swelling in the distal interphalangeal joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bouchard’s nodes

A

swelling at proximal interphalangeal joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis

A 
Being female, 
being a post menopausal age in female
lack of estrogen in female
lack of weight bearing exercise
being a thin and small framed woman
excessive caffeine intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three types of hernias?

A
  1. Incarceration: Loop of intestine trapped between muscle fibers (EX. Inguinal hernia)
  2. Reducible: Returned to normal position with manual pressure
  3. Strangulation: Blood supply to hernia compromised by pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What abdominal pain is associated to appendicitis?

A

Starts off with vague pain in the abdomen, in the umbilical or epigastric region. With time, pain increases and localizes to the RLQ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Diverticula?

A

Diverticula: Small outpouchings due to weakened areas within the bowel and increased intraluminal pressure. They are found in the sigmoid and descending colon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Ulcer: an inflammatory erosion in the stomach or duodenal lining. They can be created due to hypersecretion of HCL, ineffective mucus production, and poor cellular repair. Ulcers mostly occur in the duodenal lining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ascites

A

fluid in peritoneal cavity/due to increased venous pressure (Portal hypertension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Esophageal bleeding
The portal hypertension increases the risk of rupture to the esophageal veins
26
Jaundice
Hyperbilirubinemia
27
Confusion
Due to encephalopathy
28
Elevated ammonia
Decreased toxification capability; nitrogenous wastes accumulate in the blood, causing high ammonia levels
29
Melena (liver failure)
Due to decrease of coagulation factors
30
Hepatomegaly (liver failure)
Decrease albumin synthesis
31
Prolonged clotting time
Coagulopathy; coagulation factors fail to be synthesized
32
Excessive bruising
Due to low coagulation factors
33
Steatorrhea
Decrease bile synthesis, undigested fats leads to steatorrhea
34
Calcium issues
Osteoporosis; low vitamin D causes lack of calcium absorption
35
Hepatitis causes
The cause of hepatitis A, C, D, and E is the ribonucleic acid viruses. Hepatitis B is caused by a DNA virus. Hepatitis A and E are also transmitted via the oral-fecal route, while hepatitis B can be transmitted by blood products and bodily fluids. Hepatitis C is the most chronic and can lead to cirrhosis or liver failure. Hepatitis D can be transmitted by IV drug use or by sexual contact, and requires a helper function of HBV.
36
ISCHEMIC PENUMBRA
Perimeter of brain ischemia, less perfusion – not irreversible
37
Small, temporary min-strokes that usually resolve on their own
Transient ischemic attack
38
Increased thirst and drinking, symptom of diabetes
Polydipsia
39
In Parkinson’s Disease, patients have progressive loss of this neurotransmitter
Dopamine
40
Cushing’s Syndrome is due to an increase of this hormone
CORTISOL
41
Weakness or inability to move on one side of the body
STROKE
42
This type of endocrine dysfunction occurs due to abnormal pituitary activity
SECONDARY
43
Enlargement of the thyroid that may be due to excess TSH
GOITER
44
Cerebral aneurysm is an example of this type of stroke
HEMORRHAGIC
45
One of the causes of ischemic stroke that would create stasis of blood leading to clot formation
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
46
Symptom of hyperthyroidism that is the name of bulging eyes
EXOPHTHALMOS
47
Protective sheath around axon that may deteriorate with some nervous diseases
MYELIN
48
Types of seizures
1. Focal: localized within 1cerebral hemisphere 2. Generalized: involves both cerebral hemispheres 3. Clonic: Sustained rhythmic jerking 4. Atonic: weak or limp muscles 5. Myoclonus: Muscle twitching 6. Non motor symptom: "Absence seizures" staring spell, no movement
49
Chronic renal failure stages
Stage 1: Kidney damage w/ normal or increased GFR (greater than 90mL/min) Stage 2: Mild reduction in GFR (60 to 89mL/min) Stage 3: Moderate reduction in GFR; symptoms become apparent (30 to 59mL/min) Stage 4: Severe reduction in GFR (15 to 29) Stage 5: Kidney failure (GFR lower than 15mL/min)
50
urinary incontinence
1. Stress: Involuntary leakage due to either poor pelvic support or weakness in the urethral sphincter. (Most common) 2. Urge: Detrusor muscle overactivity is the cause of urine leakage. 3. Overflow: Chronic overdistention and urinary retention in the bladder results in overflow incontinence. 4. Neurogenic bladder: Interruption of the sensory nerve fibers between the bladder and the spinal cord or the afferent nerve tracts to the brain 5. Functional: Inability to hold urine caused by CNS problems such as stroke, psychiatric disorders, prolonged immobility, dementia
51
Leading cause of infertility
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Multiple cysts develop on the ovary because of multiple areas of follicular cyst formation
52
Endometriosis
Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Endometrial tissue in these sites responds to hormone fluctuations in the same way as uterine endometrium and bleeds monthy. 1. Regurgitation/ implantation theory 2. Metaplastic theory 3. Vascular or lymphatic theory
53
Blood in urine
HEMATURIA
54
Absence of menstrual period
AMENORRHEA
55
Most common bacteria that may cause UTI
E. COLI
56
Most common cancer in males age 15 to 35 years in U.S.
TESTICULAR CANCER
57
Kidney stones
CALCULI
58
Bacterial infection that often ascends from vagina
U.T.I
59
Urine backup into the kidney
HYDRONEPHROSIS
60
Secondary sex characteristics have not appeared by age 13 in females
DELAYED PUBERTY
61
Removal of the testes
ORCHIECTOMY
62
White blood cells in the urine
PYURIA
63
Assessment for benign prostatic hyperplasia
DRE
64
Infrequent menstrual periods
OLIGOMENORRHEA
65
What happens to the brain to cause glutamate toxicity?
Cellular ion pumps begin to fail. Calcium ion influx results in release of glutamate, excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate opens sodium and calcium channels; calcium influx activates degradative enzymes, causing further death.
66
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive secretion of T3 & T4 (Nervousness, insomnia, sensitivity to heat, weight loss, atrial fibrillations, exophthalmos, tremor)
67
Hypothyroidism
Insufficient levels of T3 & T4. (Cold intolerance, weight gain, lethargy, puffy face, hair loss, brittle nails, constipation, infertility, yellow-orange skin, Anemia, hyperlipidemia)
68
What's the difference between celiac dz, crohn's dz, and ulcerative colitis?
1. Celiac disease: Hypersensitivity reaction to gluten (D/O of esophagus) 2. Crohn's disease: Chronic, transmural (entire GI wall) inflammatory process (D/O of Large intestine) Cobblestones, skip lesions. 3. Ulcerative Colitis: Only affects the large intestine; pseudopolyps
69
uric acid crystals (hyperglycemia)
The uric acid crystals, when elevated, form into needle-like crystals, which causes acute painful joint inflammation of gouty arthritis. With time, these crystals aggregate in subcutaneous tissues surrounding joints, termed tophi.

Patho (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions