Study Guide 14 - Social Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
Social categorization
A
- classifying people based on common traits
- classifying someone as poor based on their clothing
2
Q
Implicit Personality theory
A
- beliefs about the relationship among a certain type of person and their traits/behavior
- stereotypes
3
Q
Attribution theory
A
-how we explain behaviors
-situational (external)
OR
-dispositional (internal factors)
4
Q
Fundamental attribution error
A
-we think other act as certain way because of their character traits and ignore the situation
5
Q
Self Fulfilling prophecy
A
-expectations about someone can lead to those expectations being fulfilled
6
Q
Self serving bias
A
- we take credit for our success by attributing then to our traits
- and say failures are due to the situation
7
Q
Self effacing bias
A
- modesty bias
- blaming failures on US
- and success are due to be situation
8
Q
Actor observer bias
A
- OUR behavior = situational
- OTHERS behavior = dispositional
9
Q
Conformity
A
-when we adjust our ideas/behaviors to meet a group standard
10
Q
Informational Social Influence
A
- when situation had no clear right/wrong answer
- confirm to others behavior because we think it must be correct
11
Q
Normative Social Influence
A
- situation has a clear right or wrong answer
- give into social pressure to be accepted
12
Q
Asch’s Line Experiment
A
- group of fake participants, purposefully gave a wrong answer
- examined what last participant did
- last participant confirmed to incorrect answers about 1/3 of the time, even through they knew it was wrong
- example of normative social influence
13
Q
Influences on Conformity
A
-pressure to conform is highest when: Group is unanimous Behavior is public Group is large Group is attractive
14
Q
Just World hypothesis
A
- world is fair and people get what they deserve
- good things happen I good people
15
Q
Blaming the Victim
A
- tendency to blame an innocent victim for causing a problem or not preventing it
- caused by just world hypothesis
16
Q
3 components of attitude
A
- “A” affective = emotion
- “B” behavior
- “C” cognitive
17
Q
Elaboration Likelihood Model
A
- changing an attitude
- central route: good explanation, processing info, attitude changes depending on quality of argument
- peripheral route: bad explanation, low processing, attitude change depends on how they persuade
18
Q
Cognitive Dissonance
A
- tension when behavior conflicts with attitude
- either change views or behavior
19
Q
Social Loafing
A
- ppl use less energy on group tasks
- individualist cultures
20
Q
Social Striving
A
- work harder when in a group
- collectivist cultures
21
Q
Social Facilitation
A
- presence of others makes individual performance better
- easy tasks
22
Q
Social Interference
A
- presence of others hinders performance
- complex tasks
23
Q
De-individuation
A
- in a group ppl lose themselves and do irresponsible behaviors
- arousal increases
- diffusion of responsibility
24
Q
Group Polarization
A
-like minded people in a group creates extreme ideas
25
Groupthink
- individuals hide their beliefs in a group to keep the peace
- some groups then make bad decisions
26
Cultural Orientations
- individualism
- collectivism
- conformity higher in collectivist
27
Obedience
-obeying command because of perceived authority
28
Milgram Obedience Study
- blind obedience
- teachers gave shocks
- most teachers finished the study!
29
Norm of reciprocity
-comply because feel obliged to return a favor
30
Foot in the door
- get someone to comply by having them first agree to a small request
- then agree to a bigger request
31
Door in the face
- comply by starting with a large request know will be rejected
- then ask for more moderate request
32
That’s not all
- ask for something big but offer a discount or bonus so the offer looks less extreme
- compliance
33
Lowballing
-get ppl to comply by having them commit to 1 action and then up cost of behavior
34
Altruism
-helping others with no expectation of benefitting from it
35
Feel good-do good
-if u feel good u are more likely to help others
36
Factors that increase Pro-social behavior
- feel good do good
- used to decrease feelings of guilt
- innocent victim
- see others helping
- obvious what to do
- social connection to the person in trouble
37
Bystander Effect
- larger group makes it less likely for individuals to help
| - decrease pro-social behavior
38
Diffusion of Responsibility
- presence of others makes the responsibility shared
| - individuals take less initiative
39
Instinct approach
-aggression is a biological drive
40
Biological influences on Aggression
- genetics, hormones
- lack of serotonin (happiness and impulse control)
- excess of testosterone
41
Behavioral Influences on Aggression
- learn by observing others
| - peers reinforce
42
Social cultural influences on Aggression
- social stressors like poverty inc Aggression
- alcohol and drugs
- hot weather
- group atmosphere
43
Cognitive influences on Aggression
- frustration is a negative emotional trigger
| - leads to anger and then Aggression!
44
In-group Bias
-members of your group are better than other groups
45
Our group homogeneity effect
- ppl in other groups are different from the group you are in
- they are alike but we are unique
46
Stereotypes
-characteristics associated with all members of a specific social group
47
Prejudice
- an attitude
- unfair, unfavorable view of a group of people
- based on idea that other social groups are very different from your own
48
Discrimination
- a behavior
| - unfair act directed against a group
49
Scapegoat Theory
- targeting anger at a group one dislikes
| - ex) Holocaust
50
Physical Attractiveness
- #1 predictor of relationships
| - ppl associate good qualities with beauty
51
Proximity and mere exposure effect
- proximity: tend to develop relationships with those who you live close to
- mere exposure effect: like people we see often
- #2 predictor
52
Similarity
- like people we think are similar to ourselves
| - #3 predictor
53
Social exchange theory
-consider costs and benefits of a relationship and choose those with most rewards
54
Equity Theory
- people are most comfortable in a balanced relationship
| - each partner benefits and contributes equally
55
Reciprocity
-like those who like us!
56
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
-love has intimacy, passion, and commitment
