Study Guide 5 - Sensation And Perception Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Sensation
A
-detect stimuli from the environment
2
Q
Perception
A
-interpret sensations
Ex) interpreting light as bright
3
Q
Transduction
A
-receptors convert stimuli into signals through action potentials and neurotransmitters
4
Q
Thalamus
A
-processes and relays sensory signals
5
Q
Psychophysics
A
-study of relationship between physical stimuli and our psychological experience with them
6
Q
Bottom-Up Processing
A
-looking at somethings parts and then perceiving it as a whole image
7
Q
Top-down Processing
A
- seeing the big picture first
- draws on our experience and expectations
8
Q
Parallel Processing
A
- understanding based on simultaneous operation of different parts of the brain
- ex) Processing the color, form and motion of a picture
9
Q
Selective Attention
A
- ability to focus on only 1 thing
- ex) distracted driving: difficult and dangerous to drive while doing other things such as eating, texting etc.
10
Q
Cocktail Party Phenomenon
A
-when you hear you name from across the room and begin listening to that conversation
11
Q
Inattentional Blindness
A
- when you focus on 1 thing and miss something else
- ex) moonwalking bear video
12
Q
Change blindness
A
- a type of inattentional blindness
- when you focus on 1 thing so you miss another stimulus change
- ex) asking for directions video
13
Q
Signal Detection Theory
A
- predicts how and when someone detects the presence of a stimuli
- depends on experience, expectations, fatigue
- hit or miss grid: stimulus present/absent & respond absent/present
- ex) walking down and street and hearing someone walking behind you
14
Q
Absolute Threshold
A
-minimum stimulation to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
15
Q
Difference/JND Threshold
A
-minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
16
Q
Subliminal Threshold
A
-when stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold so you are not aware of them
17
Q
Weber’s Law
A
- 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum % rather than an amount to be perceived as different
- ex) for one weight to be perceived as heavier it must weigh 2% more
18
Q
Sensory Adaptation
A
- decreased sensitivity to a stimuli because it is constant
- ex) don’t feel our clothes on our bodies
19
Q
Wavelength/Hue
A
- the wavelength determines the hue (name of color) we see
- short = blue long = red
20
Q
Intensity
A
- brightness of color
- amplitude of the light wave
- big amplitude = bright small = dull
21
Q
Visual Capture
A
-the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
22
Q
Visual Accommodation
A
- changing the light rays curvature on the retina
- the eye adjusting and focusing, producing a sharp image
23
Q
Cornea
A
-transparent tissue where light enters the eye
24
Q
Iris
A
-muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light
25
Lens
-focuses the light rays on the retina
26
Retina
- contains the rods and cones that process visual information and send it to the brain
- where transduction occurs
27
Fovea
- part of the eye with the most focus and clearest vision
- where cones cluster in the center of the retina
- damage leads to inability to see detail or color
28
Rods/Cones
- sensory receptor cells
- rods: black and white vision, why night is colorless (1 type)
- cones: function in light, detect color and detail (3 types)
29
Bipolar Cells
-neurons that connect rods and cones to the ganglion cells
30
Ganglion Cells
- neurons that connect to the bipolar Cells
| - their axons form the optic nerve
31
Optic Nerve
-carry neural impulses from each eye to the visual cortex of the brain
32
Blind spot
-the optic disk, where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no rods or cones
33
Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
- we have color visions because each type of cone responds best to either red, blue, or green wavelengths
- other colors are combinations of those three
34
Opponent Process Theory
-to account for complementary afterimages it was proposed that we have three sets of color opponent Cells:
Red-green
Blue-yellow
Black-white
-afterimages: if we view colored stimuli for a long time we see an afterimage in a complementary color
35
Color Blindness
- sex-linked trait on X chromosome
- mostly in males
- Dichromatic (lacking red/green cones is most common)
36
Pop-out Phenomenon
-when a unique visual target can be quickly seen among a set of similar looking targets
37
Photoreceptors
- nerve cells in the retina that code light energy into neural activity
- rods and cones
38
Photopigments
- in photoreceptors
- chemicals that respond to light
- when light stricken they break apart, changing the membrane potential of the photoreceptor cell -> signal that goes to the brain
39
Light/Dark Adaptation
- dark Adaptation is the increased ability to see in the dark as time passes
- photoreceptors build up more photopigments, takes time
40
Visual Acuity
- visual clarity greatest in fovea
| - variations in the density of cones accounts for differences in visual acuity
41
Lateral Inhibition
- process in which lateral connections allow one photoreceptor to inhibit its neighbor, enhancing the visual contrast
- receptor that receives more light inhibits one that receives less, brain gets the impression that that Area is even darker
42
Feature Detectors
-specialized neurons in visual cortex that respond to specific stimuli
Ex) lines and dots
43
Motion Detectors
-neurons the detect motion
44
Primary Visual Cortex
- optic nerve connects to a region of the thalamus called the lateral geniculate nucleus
- neurons in the LGN send visual info to this cortex in the occipital lobe
45
Frequency
- number of complete cycles during each second
- measures in hertz
- longer wavelength = lower frequency
- pitch! High frequency = high pitch
46
Loudness
- determined by amplitude of sound wave
- greater amp = louder
- decibels
47
Outer Ear
- sound waves collected
| - begins with pinna -> ear canal
48
Eardrum
- at the end of the ear canal
| - sound waves -> matching vibrations in the eardrum
49
Three bones
- vibrations in eardrum are passed onto the MALLEUS(hammer) -> INCUS(anvil) -> STAPES(stirrup)
- bones amplify changes in pressure produced by sound waves by focusing vibrations onto smaller OVAL WINDOW
50
Cochlea
- after sound vibrations pass through oval window they enter cochlea
- fluid filled spiral in which transduction occurs!
51
Basilar Membrane
- forms the floor of the tube in the cochlea
| - when a sound wave passes through tube, it moves basilar membrane -> bends hair cells of ORGAN OF CORTI
52
Auditory Nerve
- hair cells connect to this nerve, which is a bundle of axons that go to the brain
- when hair cells bend they stimulate neurons in auditory Nerve to fire sending brain a message about the sound
53
Conduction Deafness
-when three bones of middle ear fuse so vibrations can't be reproduced
54
Cochlear Implants
-an artificial cochlea that can stimulate the auditory nerve
55
Auditory Cortex
- auditory nerve conveys info -> brainstem -> thalamus -> auditory cortex
- in temporal lobe
- where sound is subjected to analysis
56
Place Theory
-hair Cells at a particular place on basilar membrane respond most to a certain frequency of sound
57
Frequency Theory
- place Theory does not account for coding of very low frequencies
- firing rate of neuron in auditory nerve can match frequency of a sound wave
58
Olfactory Bulb
- brain structure that receives messages about smell instead of thalamus
- axons from neurons in nose extend into brain and synapse with this bulb
59
Pheromones
- dogs/snakes
- chemicals that are released by an animal and shape another animals behavior
- role in humans not clear
60
Synesthesia
-an unusual mixing of senses
Ex) feel colors, sense certain colors when they hear sounds
-occurs partly because brain areas the process color near those that process letters/#s and connections extensive
-combined activation of brain regions that process dif types of sensory info
61
Papillae
-contain groups of taste buds (receptors within buds)
62
5 basic tastes
- sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
| - each taste bud responds best to only 1/2 categories
63
Supertaster
- 25% of the population
- especially large number of papillae
- more sensitive to bitterness
64
Flavor
- smell and taste and temperature interact
- most of the properties that make food taste good are actually smells
- in flavor Cortex neurons also respond to sight, texture, fullness
- variations in nutritional state can affect taste and flavor of food
- spicy foods actually stimulate pain receptors
65
Kinesthesis
- somatic sense
- tells the brain where the parts of the body are
- depend on to guide movements and improve motor skills
- info comes from joints and muscles
66
Vestibular Sense
- tells the brain about the position and movements of the head (sense of balance)
- semicircular canals: fluid filled tubes in the inner ear with hairs that extend into the fluid, when your head moves so does the fluid, stimulating the hairs -> activates neurons, signaling about head movement
- has connects to cerebellum, ANS (nausea) and Eyes (eyes fixed on a point even when head is moving)
67
Temperature "Hot"
- some of the skins sensory neurons respond to changes in temp
- warm fibers: inc firing rates 95-115
- cold fibers: respond to cool temps
- many of the fibers that respond to temp also respond to touch ex) warm and cold objects feel heavier
- receptors for cold and warm firing at same time, warning
68
How do we experience pain?
-pain is increased intensity of a stimulation
-pain provides info and has emotional content
-receptors are free nerve endings
-painful stimuli -> chemical released that fit into pain receptors -> fire
-nerve fibers carry pain signals to spinal chord -> thalamus -> other parts of brain (cerebral cortex)
-different nerve fibers for sharp and dull pain
and activate dif brain regions
-dif pain neurons activated by dif degrees of pain
69
Gate-control Theory of pain
- "gate" in the spinal chord that stops pain impulses from traveling to the beau
- input from other skin senses can take over the pathways that the pain impulses would have used
- messages from the brain can block incoming pain signals
70
Endorphins/Substance P
- endorphins are the brains natural opiates
- act as neurotransmitters where they block synapses of pain-carrying fibers
- substance P allows us to feel pain
71
Pain - BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL
- biological: nerve fibers carry pain signals to the brain
- psychological: pain carries information and emotion - pathways carry emotion component to hindbrain and reticular formation, depends on how we think about them
- social: presence of others, empathy, cultural expectations
72
Priming
- unconscious activation of perception or memory
| - good news before bad news
73
Sound Localization Theory
- sound reaches the ear quickly when it is coming from the side and you can tell where it is coming from
- harder to locate sound when coming from the top or bottom
74
Basic Skin Receptor Types
-pressure
-warmth
-cold
-pain
All touch sensation are a mix of these
75
Nasal Cilia
-small hairs that keep airways clean by removing mucus
76
Perceptual set
- influence of prior assumptions on your perceptions
| - ex) clouds or UFOs picture
77
Gestalt
- according to his theory when we look at something we organize it into a shape rather than seeing it as a bunch of smaller shapes
- while greater than parts
78
Figure Ground Gestalt Principle
- figure in the front that pops out and background
| - can see both parts but NOT at the same time
79
Proximity
-group things that are close together
80
Similarity
-group things that look alike
81
Continuity
- lines are seen as following the smoothest path
| - flowing smoothly without breaking lines up
82
Connectedness
-we organize as 1 unit those parts that appear connected
83
Closure
-brain "finishes" images
84
Monocular Cues Shadow and Light
- objects cast a shadow
| - object covered by a shadow is perceived to be further away than the object in the light
85
Monocular Cues Linear Perspective
-2 parallel lines seem to come together in horizon
86
Monocular Cues Interposition
-an object that partly blocks another object is perceived as being closer
87
Monocular Cues
-if two objects are about the same size then the object that looks the largest will be judged as closer
88
Binocular Cues
-need two eyes for depth perception
89
Monocular Cues
-depth Cues detected with 1 eye
90
Retinal Disparity
-each eye perceives an object in a slightly different location
91
Retinal Convergence
- how much your eyes must rotate to see an object
| - closer an object gets the more your eyes must rotate
92
Visual Cliff
- device for testing depth perception in infants (ability to judge distance)
- in experiments, it was found that depth perception is partly innate
- deep end covered in glass, babies wouldn't crawl over
93
Stroboscopic Motion
- illusion in which we see motion from a series of still images
- ex) flip book
94
Phi Phenomenon
- POMS!
| - looks like continuous motion based on location
95
Motion Parallax
-Phenomenon in which near objects seem to move faster
96
Priming
- unconscious activation of perception or memory
| - good news before bad news
97
Sound Localization Theory
- sound reaches the ear quickly when it is coming from the side and you can tell where it is coming from
- harder to locate sound when coming from the top or bottom
98
Basic Skin Receptor Types
-pressure
-warmth
-cold
-pain
All touch sensation are a mix of these
99
Nasal Cilia
-small hairs that keep airways clean by removing mucus
100
Perceptual set
- influence of prior assumptions on your perceptions
| - ex) clouds or UFOs picture
101
Gestalt
- according to his theory when we look at something we organize it into a shape rather than seeing it as a bunch of smaller shapes
- while greater than parts
102
Figure Ground Gestalt Principle
- figure in the front that pops out and background
| - can see both parts but NOT at the same time
103
Proximity
-group things that are close together
104
Similarity
-group things that look alike
105
Continuity
- lines are seen as following the smoothest path
| - flowing smoothly without breaking lines up
106
Connectedness
-we organize as 1 unit those parts that appear connected
107
Closure
-brain "finishes" images
108
Monocular Cues Shadow and Light
- objects cast a shadow
- object covered by a shadow is perceived to be further away than the object in the light
- dimmer is farther away
109
Monocular Cues Linear Perspective
-2 parallel lines seem to come together in horizon
110
Monocular Cues Interposition
-an object that partly blocks another object is perceived as being closer
111
Monocular Cues Relative size
-if two objects are about the same size then the object that looks the largest will be judged as closer
112
Binocular Cues
-need two eyes for depth perception
113
Monocular Cues
-depth Cues detected with 1 eye
114
Retinal Disparity
-each eye perceives an object in a slightly different location
115
Retinal Convergence
- how much your eyes must rotate to see an object
| - closer an object gets the more your eyes must rotate
116
Visual Cliff
- device for testing depth perception in infants (ability to judge distance)
- in experiments, it was found that depth perception is partly innate
- deep end covered in glass, babies wouldn't crawl over
117
Stroboscopic Motion
- illusion in which we see motion from a series of still images
- ex) flip book
118
Phi Phenomenon
- POMS!
| - looks like continuous motion based on location
119
Motion Parallax
-Phenomenon in which near objects seem to move faster
120
Sensorimotor Hearing Loss
-damage to cochlea/hair cells
121
Perceptual Constancy
-retinal image changes even if object remains the same
122
Shape Constancy
-an objects shape remains constant
123
Size Constancy
- objects size stays the same even if it looks dif
| - ex) person walking away
124
ESP/Parapsychology
- not able to replicate
- perception without sensation
- parapsychology: Study of abnormal phenomenon
125
Precognition
-perceive future events
126
Clairvoyance
- perceive remote events aka events that are going on at the same time as the present
- ex) sensing a friend's house is on fire
127
Telepathy
-mind to mind communication
128
Necker Cube
- an illusion
| - blue and yellow parts of the box and unclear which is the front and which is the back
129
Monocular Cues Relative Height
-we perceive objects that are high in our visual field as farther away
130
Monocular Cues Relative motion
- objects beyond fixation point appear to move with you
| - objects in front of the fixation point appear to move backward
131
Color Constancy
-perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination alters wavelengths reflected by the object
132
Ames Room
- demonstrate the size distance illusion
- both girls in the room are of similar height but we perceive them as different heights because they're standing in two corners of the room
- looks like they're standing in the same location
133
Moon Illusion
- "horizon moon" appear larger than the moon in the night sky
- moon in the sky surrounded by lots of empty space making it look smaller
134
Context Effects and Perception
- context Cues can change our perception of size
- ex) horizon moon
- perceived size of an object depends on size of nearby objects
135
Prosopagnosia
- cannot consciously recognize faces
| - when see a familiar face there are changes in brain/ANS activity but unavailable to conscious experience
136
Scheme and Culture
- schema is a mental representation of what we know and expect about the world
- can bias our perception
- generalizations based on experience which is influenced by our culture
137
Perceptual Adaptation
- ability to adjust to an altered perceptual reality
| - in vision ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field
138
Blindness/Regaining Sight
- surgeries can give people sight again
- but much of vision is learned
- how much the brain adapts after surgery depends on the circumstances
139
Hyperopia V. Myopia
- hyperopia = farsighted, light focuses behind retina, hard to see things close by
- myopia = nearsighted, light focuses in front of retina, hard to see things far away
140
Path Sound Waves Take
-pinna, canal, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval, cochlea, semicircular canals, basilar membrane, hair cells, nerve, thalamus, auditory cortex
141
Path Light Waves Take
-cornea, iris, pupil, lens, fovea, retina, rods/cones, bipolar, ganglion, optic nerve, thalamus, visual cortex
