Study Guide 8 - Learning

Question 1

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 1

-stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Question 2

Unconditioned Response

Answer 2

-an unlearned response

Question 3

Neutral Stimuli

Answer 3

-stimuli that wouldn’t normally provoke a response

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

-an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a response AFTER Association

Question 5

Conditioned Response

Answer 5

-learned Response

Question 6

Watson’s Little Albert

Answer 6

-taught him to fear small white animals by associating animals with a scary noise

Question 7

Learning/Stimulus/Response

Answer 7

• learning: enduring change in behavior or knowledge
• Stimulus: something in environment
• Response: behavior

Question 8

Conditioning

Answer 8

-learning associations between environmental events and behavior

Question 9

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov’s Dogs)

Answer 9

-stimulus gains power to create a response because it is associated with another stimulus

Question 10

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 10

• same result with 2 similar stimuli

- ex) little Albert was scared of bunnies and rats

Question 11

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 11

-different responses to two similar stimuli

Question 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 12

-reappearance after a rest period of a conditioned response

Question 13

Extinction

Answer 13

-diminishing of a learned response

Question 14

Superstitious Behavior

Answer 14

-Association of a behavior with good luck, winning etc.

Question 15

Phobias

Answer 15

• make an association between something scary and a negative biological and emotional state
• this creates a phobia

Question 16

Operant Conditioning (Skinner and Thorndike)

Answer 16

• associating a voluntary behavior with consequences

- can change a behavior

Question 17

Law of effect

Answer 17

• behavior with bad consequences will decrease

- behavior with good consequences will increase

Question 18

Shaping vs. Chaining

Answer 18

• shaping: reinforcement of behaviors that are more and more similar to desired behavior
• chaining: smaller skills are put together before reward

Question 19

Operant

Answer 19

-voluntary response produces consequences

Question 20

Skinner box

Answer 20

-a chamber with a bar that an animal can use to obtain food or water

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

• continue behavior

- giving a reward

Question 22

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 22

• continue behavior

- remove something unpleasant

Question 23

Negative Punishment/Omission training

Answer 23

• stop behavior

- taking something good away

Question 24

Positive punishment/Aversive Conditioning

Answer 24

• stop behavior

- adding something negative

Question 25

Primary v. Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 25

- primary: inherent, unlearned (food) | - secondary: learned (money)

Question 26

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 26

- every correct response is reinforced | - good way to increase frequency of behavior

Question 27

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 27

- only reinforce behavior sometimes | - resistant to extinction

Question 28

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 28

- reinforcer after a set amount of time | - responses decrease after Reinforcement

Question 29

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 29

- reinforcer after a varying amount of time | - steady and consistent

Question 30

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 30

-reinforcer is delivered after a set number of correct responses

Question 31

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 31

- reinforcer delivered after a varying number of responses | - no extinction

Question 32

Latent Learning

Answer 32

- learning through exploration - demonstrate when reward is available - mats exploring maze

Question 33

Cognitive Map

Answer 33

-mental replication of environment

Question 34

Learned Helplessness

Answer 34

-exposure to inescapable bad events leads to passive behavior

Question 35

Cognitive Learning

Answer 35

- learning by listening, watching, touching etc. and then processing information - passive, but cognitively active

Question 36

Insight Learning

Answer 36

- ability to see problem as a whole | - ex) Kholer's chimps

Question 37

Observational Learning

Answer 37

- person learns by observing events | - ex) Bandura's Bobo Doll Study

Question 38

Higher order Conditioning

Answer 38

-taking Conditioning 1 step further -pair 2nd neutral Stimulus with the conditioned stimulus so there is a response to both -ex) dog salivates to bell and light child feels pain when sees a doctor and while in a waiting room

Question 39

John Garcia Taste Aversion

Answer 39

- study with rats | - learned to dislike a food after it made you sick

Question 40

Escape Learning

Answer 40

-learning behavior that terminates unpleasant stimulus

Question 41

Avoidance Learning

Answer 41

- learning to avoid bad stimuli all together | - signal before negative event occurs

Question 42

Puzzle Box

Answer 42

- used by Thorndike to discovery the law of effect - cats tried to escape Box to receive a piece of fish, one they learned that the lever allowed them to escape they left the cage faster

Question 43

Premack Principle

Answer 43

- preferred behavior can be used to reinforced unpreferred behavior - ex) giving a toy can be used to reinforce doing HW

Question 44

Vicarious Learning

Answer 44

-person learns by watching someone model behavior

Question 45

Media Influence in Learning

Answer 45

-media violence may be contagious because of observational learning

Question 46

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Influences on Learning

Answer 46

- intrinsic: influenced/motivated to learn by internal rewards - extrinsic: learning through external rewards/punishments

Question 47

Tolman's research

Answer 47

- ppl are active information processors - cognitive view of learning - cognitive map, latent Learning - his maze with rats showed that they actively process information

Question 48

Mirror Neurons

Answer 48

- allow us to "mirror" the behavior of others | - helps us learn by imitation

Question 49

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 49

-watching consequences of a behavior and learning to continue behavior

Question 50

Vicarious punishment

Answer 50

-watching consequences and learning to stop behavior

Question 51

Imitation vs. modeling

Answer 51

-child imitates adult who is modeling behavior