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Psychology > Study Guide 11 - Memory > Flashcards

Study Guide 11 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A
  • a vivid and lasting image that is associated with an emotional event
  • ex) what were you doing on 9/11
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2
Q

Eidetic Memory

A

-photographic memory

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3
Q

Acoustic vs. Semantic Encoding

A
  • Acoustic: encoding of sound

- Semantic: encoding of meaning (BEST WAY TO REMEMBER)

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4
Q

Sensory Memory

A

-immediate, initial recording of sensory info in the memory system

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5
Q

Short Term Memory

A

-Memory that holds about 5-9 items for about 30 seconds while they are being processed for storage in long term memory

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6
Q

Iconic Memory

A
  • momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

- picture image Memory that lasts for a very short amount of time

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7
Q

Chunking

A

-technique of organizing material into familiar, meaningful units

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8
Q

Long Term Memory

A
  • relatively permanent and unlimited capacity storehouse

- explicit and implicit

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9
Q

Working Memory

A
  • temporary storage of information that is being actively processed (Rehearsal)
  • without rehearsal short term memories are difficult to remember
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10
Q

Millers Magic 7

A

-about 7 unrelated items can be stored in short term memory

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11
Q

Visual Sketchpad and Phonological Loop

A

-working memory has three interacting parts
VS: holds visual and spatial info
-PL: holds verbal info

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12
Q

Deep VS. Shallow Processing

A
  • deep = forming associations and attaching meaning

- shallow = encoding surface level info such as structure

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13
Q

Selective attention

A

-focusing on 1 specific thing

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14
Q

Automatic vs. effortful processing

A
  • automatic = encoding without effort

- effortful = requires attention and effort

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15
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

-connecting new information to something you already know

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16
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

-extending retention of information in short term memory by repetition

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17
Q

Spacing Effect

A
  • distributing Rehearsal leads to better memory
  • distributed practice = spaced out Learning periods
  • massed practice = cramming
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18
Q

Mnemonics

A
  • use vivid imagery in aiding memory
  • more likely to remember words with vivid images
  • peg word: rhyming
  • method of loci: remembering something with something else you know well
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19
Q

Implicit Memory

A

-Memory of skills that can be retrieved without conscious awareness

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20
Q

Procedural Memory

A
  • Memory of highly practiced skills

- muscle memory: making a motor task a memory through repetition so that it can be performed without conscious effort

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21
Q

Explicit Memory

A

-Memory of facts and events that can be consciously retrieved

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22
Q

Semantic vs. Episodic Memory

A
  • semantic: general knowledge about the world

- episodic: knowledge about specific things in ones own life

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23
Q

Encoding, storage, retrieval

A
  • encoding: getting info into our brains
  • storage: retaining info
  • retrieval: accessing the info later
24
Q

Echoic Memory

A
  • sensory Memory

- a brief auditory Memory

25
Retrieval Cues
-associations are like anchors that help to retrieve memories
26
Encoding Specificity
- need a stimulus to help trigger a memory | - ex) going to a room and forgetting what you meant to get
27
State Dependent Memory
-we recall info better when we are in the same state of mind as when we encoded it
28
Mood Congruent Memory
-recall experiences that are consistent with our current memory
29
Recall vs. recognition
- recall: remembering info you learned earlier | - recognition: identifying something u learned earlier
30
Serial Position Effect
- primacy: tendency to remember things heard 1st | - recency: tendency to remember things heard last
31
TOT
-partial recall
32
Priming
-to retrieve a Memory from a web of associations first you have to activate one of the strands leading to it
33
Déjà Vu
-Cues from current situation may trigger retrieval of an earlier, similar experience
34
Infantile Amnesia
-no conscious memory of our early childhood
35
Hippocampus
- Learning and forming new memories | - processes and stores (for a little bit) EXPLICIT MEMORIES
36
Cerebellum
-classical conditioning and IMPLICIT MEMORIES
37
Amygdala
-helps form emotional memories such as flashbulb memories
38
Long Term Potentiation
- neural connections are strengthened - increased sensitivity for neurotransmitters - neural basis for learning and remembering
39
Change Blindness
- a type of inattentional blindness - when you focus on 1 thing so you miss another stimulus change - ex) asking for directions video
40
Top down vs. Bottom up processing
- seeing the big picture first | - seeing the parts and then the big picture
41
Prospective Memory
-the ability to remember to do something in the future
42
Memory Construction and Reconstruction
- our memory is not precise, we recreate them | - info. acquired after an event alters memory of event
43
Misinformation Effect
-unconsciously incorporating misleading info into our memory of an event
44
Source Amnesia
- at the heart of many false memories - attributing something to the wrong source - ex) dream about an event and later be unsure if it actually happened
45
Repression
- pushing down a difficult memory - Freud - debated but the most common response to a traumatic event is vivid, haunting memories rather than repression
46
Proactive vs. Retroactive Interference
- proactive: prior learning disrupts recall of new info | - retroactive: new learning disrupts recall of old info
47
Anterograde vs. Retrograde Amnesia
- anterograde: can recall past but could not form new memories - retrograde: cannot recall past info/memories
48
Encoding Failure
- we cannot remember what we don't encode/notice - without effort many potential memories never form - ex) pennies
49
Alzheimer's Disease
- a type of dementia | - progressive disease that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior
50
Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting
-initially we forget things quickly and then it levels out
51
Korsakoff's Syndrome
- mental illness - typically result of alcoholism - characterized by disorientation and a tendency to invent explanations to cover a loss of memory
52
Elizabeth Loftus
- studies show that eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories after an event - experiment with film of a traffic accident and different verbs to describe accident
53
Eric Kandel and the Aplysia Studies
- used sea slugs to determine the biochemical basis of learning and memory - determined many of the chemical pathways that mediate memory formation - memory storage relies on modifications in the synaptic connections between neurons
54
Memory Trace
- a presumed encoding in brain tissue that provides a physical basis for memory - a hypothetical structural alteration in brain cells
55
Von Restorff Novelty Effect
-if something stands out on a list it is more likely to be remembered

Psychology (14 decks)

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