SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES

Question 1

Subcutaneous mycoses

Answer 1

a. Mycetoma
b. Chromoblastomycosis
c. Phaeohyphomycosis
d. Sporotrichosis

Question 2

chronic granulomatous infection that usually involves the lower extremities

Answer 2

Mycetoma

Question 3

infection is characterized by swelling, purplish discoloration, tumor-like deformities of the subcutaneous tissue, and multiple sinus tracts that drain purulent material containing yellow, white, red, or black granules called ______

Answer 3

Mycetoma
Grains

Question 4

The infection gradually progresses to involve the bone, muscle, or other contiguous tissue and ultimately requires amputation in most progressive cases

Answer 4

Mycetoma

Question 5

Mycetomas usually are seen among people living in

Answer 5

Tropical and subtropical regions

Question 6

Mycetoma The organisms associated with mycetoma are saprophytic and commonly found in

Answer 6

Soil, standing water and sewage

Question 7

humans acquire infections through traumatic implantation of the organism into the skin and subcutaneous tissues

Answer 7

Mycetoma

Question 8

Mycetoma Subcutaneous Mycoses
- Two types:

Answer 8

Actinomycotic (bacterial) mycetomas
Eumycotic (fungal) mycetomas

Question 9

Causes of Actinomycotic mycetomas

Answer 9

Bacteria

caused by the aerobic actinomycetes, including
Nocardia, Actinomadura, and Streptomyces spp.

Question 10

Caused by a heterogeneous group of fungi that have septate hyphae

Answer 10

Eumycotic (fungal) mycetomas

Question 11

Eumycotic mycetoma is subcategorized as

Answer 11

white grain mycetomas or black grain mycetomas

Question 12

is the most common fungal agent associated with mycetoma

Answer 12

Madurella mycetomatis

Question 13

Mycetoma
Direct examination of clinical specimens from patients with a eumycotic mycetoma or phaeohyphomycosis demonstrates

Answer 13

yellowish brown, septate to moniliform hyphae (string of beads)

Question 14

White Grain Mycetoma also known as

Answer 14

Scedosporium spp

Question 15

Initial growth begins as a white, fluffy colony that changes in several weeks to a brownish gray (the so-called mousy gray) colony; the reverse of the colony progresses from tan to dark brown.

Answer 15

Scedosporium spp.
White grain mycetoma

Question 16

that cause mycetomas, such as Acremonium falciforme, grow slowly and produce gray colonies.

Answer 16

Acremonium spp.

Question 17

Acremonium spp. that cause mycetomas, such as __________________, grow slowly and produce _____________.

Answer 17

Acremonium falciforme
Gray colonies

Question 18

Black grain mycetoma

Answer 18

Madurella spp. and E. jeanselmei

Question 19

Colonies of Madurella spp. vary from white (during the early phases of growth) to ___________________ diffusible pigment is characteristic of this fungus.

Answer 19

olive-brown; a brown

Question 20

appear yeastlike and darkly pigmented (olive to black) but in time develop a velvety appearance with the production of aerial hyphae

Answer 20

E. jeanselmei

Question 21

produce a fluffy or downy, olive-gray to black colony, and growth is rapid.

Answer 21

Curvularia spp.

Question 22

forms slow-growing, velvety colonies that appear smooth or radially furrowed and dark gray or olive-brown to black. The reverse side of the colonies appears black. The hyphae are septate and nonsporulating

Answer 22

T.grisea

Question 23

chronic fungal infection acquired through traumatic inoculation of an organism, primarily into the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Answer 23

Chromoblastomycosis

Question 24

Chromoblastomycosis characterized by the development of a papule at the site of the traumatic insult that slowly enlarges to form _______________ characterized as resembling ______________capable of spreading through the _______________

Answer 24

Warty or tumorlike lesion
Cauliflower
Lymphatic system

Question 25

The lesions usually are confined to the feet and legs but may involve the head, face, neck, and other body surfaces.

Answer 25

Chromoblastomycosis

Question 26

Chromoblastomycosis Histologic examination of the lesion reveals characteristic ___________ which are ____________, septate cells that appear to be dividing by binary fission and resemble __________.

Answer 26

Sclerotic bodies Copper colored Copper pennies

Question 27

infections cause hyperplasia of the epidermal layer of the skin, which may be mistaken for squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 27

Chromoblastomycosis

Question 28

Chromoblastomycosis is widely distributed, but most cases occur in

Answer 28

tropical and subtropical areas

Question 29

The fungi most often associated with chromoblastomycosis include

Answer 29

Cladophialophora carrionii Fonsecaea monophora and pedrosoi Phialophora verrucosa

Question 30

Chromoblastomycosis Scrapings from crusted lesions added to 10% KOH show ______________________ or _______________ which are rounded, brown, 4 to 10 μm in diameter, and have fission planes. They resemble __________________

Answer 30

Muriform cells (aggregation of dark brown cells that resemble stones in a stonewall) Sclerotic bodies Copper pennies

Question 31

includes species that produce long chains of budding, often fusiform, conidia (blastoconidia) that have a dark septal scar.

Answer 31

Cladosporium

Question 32

includes species that produce short, flask-shaped to tubular phialides, each with a well-developed collarette

Answer 32

Phialophora

Question 33

Phialophora Produce colonies that are__________________________;some strains may appear to have concentric zones of color

Answer 33

wooly and olive-brown to brownish gray

Question 34

includes organisms that exhibit a mixed type of sporulation

Answer 34

Fonsecaea

Question 35

produces a distinct Fonsecaea-type conidiophore, may also produce a Rhinocladiella-type sporulation

Answer 35

Fonsecaea

Question 36

type of sporulation with long chains of elliptical conidia (2 to 3mμm × 4 to 5 μm) borne from erect, tall, branching conidiophores

Answer 36

Cladophialophora (C. carrionii)

Question 37

produces phialides, each with a distinct cup- or flask-shaped collarette

Answer 37

P. verrucosa

Question 38

produces phialides with a flattened collarette

Answer 38

P. richardsiae

Question 39

Conidial heads with sympodial arrangement of conidia are seen, with primary conidia giving rise to secondary conidia

Answer 39

Fonsecaea spp.

Question 40

general term used to describe any infection caused by a dematiaceous organism

Answer 40

Phaeohyphomycosis

Question 41

Phaeohyphomycosis Includes _______;_____________; _______________; and ____________.

Answer 41

Molds Brownish Yeastlike cells Pseudohyphae Hyphae

Question 42

These infections may be subcutaneous, localized, or systemic

Answer 42

Phaeohyphomycosis

Question 43

Include phaeohyphomycotic cysts, progressive soft tissue infection, brain abscess, sinusitis, endocarditis, mycotic keratitis,pulmonary infection, and systemic infection.

Answer 43

Phaeohyphomycosis

Question 44

Symptoms often include headache, neurologic manifestations, and seizure

Answer 44

Phaeohyphomycosis

Question 45

Phaeohyphomycosis Subcutaneous Mycoses - The most common fungal isolates associated with Neurological manifestations

Answer 45

C. bantiana Rhinocladiella mackenziei Verruconis gallopava Exophiala dermatitidis.

Question 46

Species that are commonly associated with phaeophyomycosis

Answer 46

Alternaria, Exserohilum, Bipolaris, E. jeanselmei, Exophiala spinifera, and Curvularia spp.

Question 47

colonies are rapidly growing, fluffy, and gray to gray-brown or gray-green.

Answer 47

Alternaria

Question 48

produce rapidly growing colonies that resemble those of Alternaria spp.

Answer 48

Curvularia

Question 49

produce colonies that are gray-green to dark brown and slightly powdery, as do Exserohilum spp.

Answer 49

Bipolaris spp.

Question 50

grow slowly (7 to 21 days) and initially produce shiny, black, yeastlike colonies.

Answer 50

E. jeanselmei and E. dermatitidis

Question 51

Mycetoma bacterias

Answer 51

Nocardia, Actinomadura, and Streptomyces spp.

Question 52

White grain Mycetoma

Answer 52

S. apiospermum complex Acremonium Fusarium spp.

Question 53

Black grain mycetoma

Answer 53

Madurella spp. E. jeanselmei, Curvularia spp.

Question 54

Chromoblastomycosis

Answer 54

Cladophialophora Phialophora, Fonsecaea spp.

Question 55

Phaeohyphomycosis

Answer 55

E. jeanselmei E. dermatitidis Curvularia Bipolaris Alternaria Exserohilum spp.

Question 56

is a subcutaneous infection, but lymph and pulmonary infections can occure is a

Answer 56

Sporotrichosis

Question 57

Also known as rose gardener’s disease, as infections can come from rose thorns and contact with sphagnum moss

Answer 57

Sporotrichosis

Question 58

Sporotrichosis sppecies that are involved in human infection include

Answer 58

S. schenckii Sporothrix brasiliensis Sporothrix globosa Sporothrix luriei

Question 59

Sporothrix spp. have a worldwide distribution, and their natural habitat

Answer 59

Living or dead vegetation

Question 60

Humans acquire the infection (sporotrichosis) through

Answer 60

trauma (thorns, splinters, bites, or scratches), usually to the hand, arm, or leg

Question 61

- It is a dimorphic fungus

Answer 61

Sporothrix schenckii

Question 62

When grown on media with blood at 35°C, these fungi grow as small yeasts

Answer 62

Sporothrix schenckii

Question 63

When grown on SDA or PDA at room temperature, they are in the mould phase characterized by delicate hyphae and microconidia

Answer 63

Sporothrix schenkii

Question 64

Yeast cells may be seen in segmented neutrophils and are “cigar-shaped”

Answer 64

Sporothrix schenckii