Subheadings from Boron (All 1st sem topics) by Keim

Question 1

____________ is the link between the organ and the gene.

Answer 1

Physiological genomics

Question 2

Cells live in a highly protected _________.

Answer 2

millieu interieur

Question 3

_________________ - operating through sophisticated feedback control mechanisms are responsible for maintaining the constancy of the millieu interieur.

Answer 3

Homeostatic mechanisms

Question 4

Medicine is the study of _____________

Answer 4

“physiology gone awry”

Question 5

The surface of the cell is defined by a _____________.

Answer 5

Membrane

Question 6

The cell membrane is composed primarily of ____________.

Answer 6

Phospholipids

Question 7

___________ form complex structures in aqueous solution.

Answer 7

Phospholipids

Question 8

The ________ of individual lipids within a leaflet of a bilayer is determined by the chemical makeup of its constituents.

Answer 8

diffusion

Question 9

Phospholipid bilayer membranes are __________ to charged molecules.

Answer 9

Impermeable

Question 10

The _________ is a bilayer.

Answer 10

Plasma membrane

Question 11

Membrane proteins can be _________ or _________ associated with the plasma membrane.

Answer 11

Integrally or peripherally

Question 12

The membrane-spanning portions of transmembrane proteins are usually ___________.

Answer 12

Hydrophobic alpha helices

Question 13

Some membrane proteins are _______ in the plane of the bilayer.

Answer 13

Mobile

Question 14

_____________ can serve as RECEPTORS.

Answer 14

Integral membrane proteins

Question 15

_______ can serve as ADHESION MOLECULES.

Answer 15

Integral membrane proteins

Question 16

____________ can carry out the transmembrane movement of water-soluble substance.

Answer 16

Integral membrane proteins

Question 17

_____________ can also be ENZYMES.

Answer 17

Integral membrane proteins

Question 18

__________ can participate in intracellular signaling.

Answer 18

Integral membrane proteins

Question 19

___________ participate in intracellular signaling and can form a submembranous cytoskeleton.

Answer 19

Peripheral membrane proteins

Question 20

The ____ is composed of discrete organelles that subserve distinct functions.

Answer 20

Cell

Question 21

The ________ stores, replicates, and reads the cell’s genetic information.

Answer 21

Nucleus

Question 22

___________ digest material derived from the interior and exterior of the cell.

Answer 22

Lysosomes

Question 23

The __________ is the site of oxidative energy production.

Answer 23

Mitochondrion

Question 24

The ___________ is not amorphous but is organized by the cytoskeleton.

Answer 24

Cytoplasm

Question 25

____________ provide cells with structural support.

Answer 25

Intermediate filaments

Question 26

__________ provide structural support and provide the several types of subcellular motility.

Answer 26

Microtubules

Question 27

Thin filaments (_______) and thick filaments (______) are present in almost every cell type.

Answer 27

Actin | Myosin

Question 28

Secretory and membrane proteins are synthesized in association with the __________.

Answer 28

Rough ER

Question 29

Simultaneous protein synthesis and translocation through the __________ requires machinery for signal recognition and protein translocation.

Answer 29

Rough ER membrane

Question 30

Proper insertion of membrane protein requires __________________.

Answer 30

Start-and-stop-transfer sequence.

Question 31

Newly synthesized secretory and membrane proteins undergo post-translational modification and folding in the lumen of the ____________.

Answer 31

Rough ER

Question 32

Secretory and membrane proteins follow the __________ through the cell.

Answer 32

Secretory pathway

Question 33

___________ control the traffic between the organelles of the secretory pathway.

Answer 33

Carrier vesicles

Question 34

Specialized protein complexes, such as _________ and _________ mediate the formation and fusion of vesicles in the secretory pathway.

Answer 34

Clathrin and coatamers

Question 35

Newly synthesized proteins are sorted in tthe __________.

Answer 35

Trans-golgi network

Question 36

A _______________ is required to target newly synthesized hydrolytic enzymes to lysosomes.

Answer 36

Mannose-6-phosphate recognition marker

Question 37

Cells internalize extracellular material and plasma membrane through the process of ________.

Answer 37

Endocytosis

Question 38

______________ is responsible for internalizing specific proteins.

Answer 38

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 39

Certain molecules are internalized through an alternative process that involves ________.

Answer 39

Caveolae

Question 40

___________ form a barrier between the internal and external millieu.

Answer 40

Epithelial cells

Question 41

Epithelial cells are __________.

Answer 41

Polarized

Question 42

Cells can communicate with one another via _______.

Answer 42

Chemical signals

Question 43

____________ interact with target cells via binding to surface or intracellular receptors.

Answer 43

Soluble chemical signals

Question 44

Cells can also communicate by direct interactions - _______________.

Answer 44

Juxtacrine signalling

Question 45

___________ amplify signals and integrate responses among cell types.

Answer 45

Second-messenger systems

Question 46

_________ transduce a chemical signal into an electrical signal.

Answer 46

Ligand-gated ion channels

Question 47

________ are heterotrimers that exist in many combinations of different alpha, beta and gamma subunits.

Answer 47

G-protein

Question 48

_________ activation follows a cycle.

Answer 48

G protein

Question 49

____________ couple to a variety of downstream effectors, including enzymes and ion channels.

Answer 49

Activated alpha subunits

Question 50

Beta-gamma subunits can activate _________.

Answer 50

Downstream effectors

Question 51

____________ are involved in a vast number of cellular processes.

Answer 51

Small GTP-binding proteins

Question 52

cAMP usually exerts its effect by increasing the activity of ___________.

Answer 52

Protein kinase A

Question 53

___________ reverse the action of kinases.

Answer 53

Protein phosphatases

Question 54

________ exerts its effect by stimulating a nonselective cation channel in the retina.

Answer 54

cGMP

Question 55

Many messengers bind to receptors that activate ____________.

Answer 55

Phosphoinositide breakdown.

Question 56

______ liberates Ca2+ from intracellular stores.

Answer 56

IP3

Question 57

_______ activates calmodulin-dependent protein kinases.

Answer 57

Calcium

Question 58

DAGs and Ca2+ activate _________.

Answer 58

Protein kinase C

Question 59

_________ is the primary enzyme responsible for releasing AA.

Answer 59

Phospholipase A2

Question 60

Cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and epoxygenases mediate the formation of biologically active ____________.

Answer 60

Eicosanoids

Question 61

Prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes (cyclooxygenase products) are _________, regulate platelet action and modulate ion transport.

Answer 61

Vasoactive