Suffolk Test 1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
0
Q
Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
A
Homeostasis
1
Q
Gross or macroscopic
A
See with the naked eye
2
Q
Feedback: senses change
A
Receptor
3
Q
Feedback: control center that interprets and evaluates information
A
Structure that responds an restores homeostasis
4
Q
Example of negative feedback system
A
Thermostats regulating room temperature
5
Q
Example of positive feedback
A
Blood clotting or child birth
6
Q
Basic life processes
A
Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction
7
Q
Sum of all chemical processes in the body. The breakdown of large molecules into small (catabolism)
A
Metabolism
8
Q
Body’s ability to detect an respond to changes in internal or external environment ex: muscle contraction, electrical signals, hormone or glandular secretion
A
Responsiveness
9
Q
Locomotion, propulsion, digestion (peristalsis) and muscle contractility
A
Movement
10
Q
Increase in number or size of cells or material found between cells
A
Growth
11
Q
Specialization of cells for a specific function
A
Differentiation
12
Q
Formation of new cells
A
Cellular reproduction
13
Q
When sperm and egg unite to produce a whole new individual
A
Organism all reproduction
14
Q
Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
A
Digestion
15
Q
The taking in of food
A
Ingestion
16
Q
Removal of wastes from the body
A
Excretion
17
Q
Transport blood
A
Circulation
18
Q
Exchange of gases
A
Respiration
19
Q
Levels of structural organization: chemical
A
Atoms combine to form molecules
20
Q
Level of structural organization: cellular
A
Cells are made of molecules
21
Q
Level of structural organization: tissue
A
Made up of different types of cells
22
Q
Level of structural organization: organ
A
Made up of different types if tissues
23
Q
Essential atoms for life are
A
C H O N P Ca SO
24
Four basic types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
25
The function of the integumentary system
Protect the body from the external environment
26
Skeletal system function : organ system
Protects and supports body organs ... Site of blood cell formation
27
Function of the muscular system
Posture, locomotion, produces heat
28
Function of the nervous system
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands...control center of body
29
Cardiovascular system function
Transports blood and fluid throughout the body
30
Function of the lymphatic system
Maintain fluid balance
| Disposes of debris and restores fluid leaked from blood
31
Function of the respiratory system
Supplies oxygen and removes co2
32
Prone position
Body is lying face up
33
Supine position
Body is lying face up
34
In front
Anterior
35
Behind view
Posterior
36
Midsagittal plane
Divide body or organ from left to right into equal halves
37
Parasagittal plane
Divides body or organ left from right with unequal halves
38
Frontal or coronal plane
Divides body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
39
Transverse or horizontal plane
Divides body into superior an inferior portions
40
Oblique plane
Body or organ separated on a slant
41
Medial
Towards center of the body
42
Away from the midline of the body
Lateral
Ex: the thumb is lateral to the hand.
Ear is lateral to the nose
43
Examples of proximal
Elbow is proximal to the wrist
| The knee is proximal to the foot
44
Examples of distal
Knee is distal to the thigh
| Hand is distal to the elbow
45
Superficial
Towards the bodies surface
46
Deep
Internal
| Ex: the lungs are deep to the skin
47
Spaces within the body that help protect and separate and support internal organs
Body cavities
48
Parietal layer
Lines the walls
49
Viscera
Lines the tissues
50
What are the abdominopelvic regions in order
Quadrants
Right upper - left upper
Right lower - left lower
51
Carbohydrates are the sugar building blocks if
RNA & DNA
52
3 sizes of carbohydrates molecules are
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
53
How many carbons do monosaccharides contain
3-7 carbons
54
Carbohydrates contain what atoms
C1H2O1
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
55
Function of carbohydrates
Source of cellular food
56
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
57
Disaccharides are made from
Two monosaccharides
58
Through dehydration synthesis glucose and fructose make
Sucrose
59
Through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis two glucose monosaccharides make
Maltose
60
Through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis galactose and glucose make
Lactose - milk sugar
61
Contains 10s or 100s of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
62
For every one carbon in a carbohydrate there is
1 H2O molecule
63
Lipids are made of what atoms
CHO
| less oxygen than a carbohydrate
64
4 types of lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
65
Neutral fats composed of a single glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules
Triglycerides
66
Out body stores this in fat cells if we eat extra food
Triglycerides
67
The bond between the glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules is called
Ester bond
68
One glycerol
2 fatty acid molecules
And a phosphorous molecule make
Lipids
69
Chief component of cell membranes
Lipids
70
Proteins make how much of a persons body weight
12-18%
71
Proteins contain what atoms
```
CHON
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
```
72
Proteins are constructed from how many amino acids
20
73
Formed from two amino acids joined by a covenant bond called a peptide bond
Dipeptides
74
Chains formed from 10 to 2000 amino acids
Polypeptide
75
Structural level of proteins: primary
Amino acid sequences . Polypeptide strands
76
Structural levels of proteins: secondary
Alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
77
Structural level of proteins: tertiary
Structural levels of proteins: 3 dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain
78
Function of protein depends on its ability to recognize and bind to some other
Molecule
79
Irreversible protein denaturation
Substrate unable to bind to enzyme active site
80
What are some reasons for protein denaturation
Extreme PH or temperature changes
81
Proteins:
- Helps other proteins to achieve their dimensional shape
- assists in translocating proteins across membranes
- promotes full breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
Molecular chaperones
82
A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Catalyst
83
Example of a catalyst is
An enzyme
84
Enzymes are made of
An apoenzyme
| And a cofactor
85
Apoenzyme a are what portion of an enzyme
Protein portion
86
Cofactor is what part of an enzyme
```
Non protein
Iron
Zinc
Magnesium
Calcium etc
```
87
Enzymes usually end in the suffix
Ase
88
Catalysts or enzymes speed up chemical reactions by
Lowering the activation energy needed to get reaction started
89
Catalysts are not used repeatedly for the same reactions
.
90
The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier
Activation energy
91
Enzymes are selective and determine which chemical processes will occur at any time
.
92
A reactant which binds to an enzyme at its active site
Substrate
93
Only one type of substrate per
Enzyme
94
substrates are
Amino acids
95
Inherited disorder in which baby lacks a digestive enzyme and treatment
Galactosemia
| Eliminate milk from diet
96
Factors effecting enzyme rate
- Enzyme concentration
- Substrate concentration
- Temperature and PH
- Competitive and non competitive inhibitors
- cofactors and coenzymes need to be present
97
Competitive inhibitor
Looks like substrate, interferes and binds to enzyme
| Ex: O2 and is reversible
98
Non competitive inhibitor
When enzymes have another site the substrate binds to changing the shape of original active site
99
Name two nucleus acids
RNA
| DNA
100
What are the 5 atoms found in nucleus acid
H O C N P
101
Name the five nitrogen bases that contribute to the nucleotide structure
A-G
C-T
U
102
RNA uses U instead of
T
| Thymine
103
DNA to CDNA
ATCGTACGA
TAGCATGCT
A-T
C-G
104
DNA to MRNA
ATCGTACGA
UAGCAVGCU
Instead of T use a U
105
MRNA to Transfer RNA
UAGCAUGCU
AUCGUACGA
A-U
