Suffolk test 3 Flashcards
(142 cards)
0
Q
Skull Hyoid Vertebrae Ribs Sternum Ear ossicles Are part of
A
Axial skeleton
1
Q
Support Movement Storage of minerals calcium and phosphate Blood cell production Energy storage
A
Functions if bone
2
Q
Upper and lower limbs
Hip
Shoulder
All are part of
A
Appendicular skeleton
3
Q
Bones that are longer than they are wide
A
Long bones
4
Q
Sesamoid bones are
A
Cube shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
5
Q
Sesamoid bones are formed within
A
Tendons - patella
6
Q
Flat bones ex
A
Sternum and most skull bones
7
Q
Irregular bone examples
A
Vertebrae
Hip bones
8
Q
Type of cartilage over joint surfaces that act as friction reducers and shock absorber
A
Articular cartilage
9
Q
Red bone marrow is found in
A
Spongy bone
10
Q
Medullary cavity
A
Marrow cavity
11
Q
Compact bone is arranged in units called
A
Osteons or haversion systems
12
Q
Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves & osteocytes along w the calcified matrix
A
Osteons
13
Q
Muscles only pull never
A
Push
14
Q
As muscles shorten the insertion moves toward the
A
Origin
15
Q
Whatever a muscle group does another muscle group
A
Undoes
16
Q
Provides the major force for producing a specific movement
A
Prime movers
17
Q
Opposes or reverses a particular movement
A
Adds force to a movement
Reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement
18
Q
Adds force to a movement
Reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement
A
Synergists
19
Q
Synergists that immobilize a bone or muscles origin
A
Fixators
20
Q
Factors when naming skeletal muscles
A
Location
Shape
Size
Direction of fibers
21
Q
Rectus fibers run
A
Straight
22
Q
Oblique fibers run
A
At angles
23
Q
Muscle called orbicularis encircles what
A
The mouth
24
Convergent fascicles can be found where
Pectoralis major
| Chest
25
Multipennate fascicles can be found
Deltoid
| Shoulder
26
Parallel fascicles can be found
Sartorious
| Long muscle inner thigh
27
Fusiform fascicles can be found
Biceps brachii
28
Unipennate fascicles are found
Extensor digitorum longus
| Lower limb
29
Bipennate fascicles found
Rectus femoris
| Thigh
30
A point of contact between two or more bones between cartilage and bones or between teeth and bones
Joint
| Articulation or arthrosis
31
The scientific study of joints is called
Arthrology
32
Area inbetween two articulating bones
Synovial cavity
| Contains synovial fluid
33
Joints hold bones together but permits
Movement
34
Study of motion
Kinesiology
35
Structurally joints are classified as
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
36
Functional classification of joints
| Synarthosis
Immovable
37
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable
38
Diarthrosis
Freely moveable
39
Type of joint that
lacks a synovial cavity
Holds bones together with fibrous connective tissue
Little or no movement
Fibrous joints
40
3 structural types of fibrous joints
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
41
What types of joints are found in the skull
Fibrous
| Found in the sutures
42
Syndesmoses is what type of joint and located where
Fibrous joint
| Between tibia and fibula
43
What structural joint is found between tooth and alveolar process
Gomphosis
44
If dense fibrous connective tissue are fused in adults it's called
Synostosis
45
Interosseous membrane is made of what type of joint
Fibrous joint
46
Lacks synovial cavity
Allows little or no movement
Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Cartilaginous joints
47
2 types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses
| Symphyses
48
Synchondrosis connecting material is
Hyaline cartilage
49
Synchondrosis is found
Between ribs and sternum
| Epiphyseal plates
50
Symphysis connecting material is
Fibrocartilage
51
Symphases can be found
Inverterbral disc and
| Pubic symphysis
52
Synovial cavity is diarthrosis meaning
Freely moveable
53
This cartilage found in synovial joints reduces friction and absorbs shock
Articular cartilage
54
Inner synovial membrane contains
Synovial fluid
55
Outer fibrous capsule of the articular capsule may contain
Ligaments
56
Bursa is a sac like structure which can be found in front of
The knee
57
Articular cartilage gains nutrients from
Synovial fluid
58
A twisting of joint that stretches and tears ligaments
May damage blood vessels
Muscles or tendons
Swelling
Sprain
59
Over stretched or partially torn muscle
Strain
60
Tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons at wrist and ankle where many tendons come together in a confined space
Tendon sheaths
61
Chronic inflammation of bursa is called
Bursitis
62
What type of movement occurs in flat bones
Gliding
63
Types of angular movements
Lateral flexion
Extension
Hyperextention
64
Types of synovial joints
```
Planar
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and socket
```
65
Planar joints can be found
Inter tarsal or intercarpal joints
66
Hinge joints can be found
Allows for flexion
Extension and hyper extension
Knee
Elbow
Ankle
67
Pivot joints can be found
| Allows for probation and supination
Head of radius
68
This joint fits as like a person would be sitting on a saddle
Saddle joint
69
Ball and socket joints are found
Head of femur
| Head of humorous
70
Factors effecting contact and range of motion at synovial joints
Tension of muscles
Hormones
Disuse
71
What type of effects does aging do to joints
Decreased synovial fluid
Thinning articular cartilage
Loss of ligament length and flex
Wear and tear over time
72
Examination of joints
| Remove torn knee cartilage and repair ligaments through. Small incision
Arthroscopy
73
Replacement of joints
Total hip replacements
Knee replacement s
Arthroplasty
74
A joint disease commonly known as "wear n tear" arthritis. Deterioration of articular cartilage
Osteoarthritis
75
A bacterial disease which symptoms includes joint stiffness , stiff neck, fevers chills, headache,
Lyme disease
76
An autoimmune disorder
Cartilage is attacked
Inflammation pain swelling
Fusion of joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
77
Name synarthrosis : immovable joints
Tooth in alveolar process
Sutures in skull
Epiphyseal plate
Joints in ribs and sternum
78
Amphiarthrosis : slightly immovable joints
Anterior tibiofibular joint
Inverterbral discs
Pubic symphysis
79
Name monoaxial joints
Pivot joint
Elbow
Knee
Ankle
80
Name biaxle joints
Metacarpal
Metacarpal
Joints
81
Can power maximal muscle contraction for about 15 seconds and is used for maximal short bursts of energy for example running a 100 meter dash
Creatine phosphate and ATP
82
Name the three sources of ATP production
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
Creatine phosphate
83
ATP produced from glucose breakdown into pyruvic acid during glycolysis . If no O2 is present pyruvic acid turns to lactic acid and enters blood stream. This is called
Anaerobic cellular respiration
84
When pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria to generate ATP water and heat
Aerobic respiration
85
Inability to contract after prolonged activity
Muscle fatigue
86
Insufficient release of acetylcholine from motor nuerons
Build up of lactic acid or ATP
Depletion of creative phosphate
Decline of calcium within the sarcoplasm
Factors that contribute to fatigue
87
After exercise heavy breathing continues to restore muscles in three ways
Restore oxygen removed from myoglobin
Synthesize creatine
Convert lactic acid to pyruvic acid
88
What is the cori cycle
When the liver converts lactic acid to to pyruvic acid then glucose is released
89
Sarcomere shortening produces tension within
A muscle
90
A brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential
Twitch contraction
91
What happens during the latent period during muscle contraction
Action potential sweeps over sarcolema
| And calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
92
Applying increased number of action potentials to a muscle fiber leads to
Fusion of contractions (tetanus)
93
Contraction in which the muscle shortens while generating force
Concentric isotonic
94
Contraction in which muscle tension is less than the resistance and muscle lengthens
Eccentric isotonic
95
When muscle force and resistance are equal. Supports objects in a fixed position and posture
Isometric contraction
96
Three types of connective tissue layers
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
97
Epimysium
Surrounds the whole muscle
98
Perimysium
Surrounds bundles (fascicles)
99
Endomysium
Separates individual muscle cells
100
Tiny invaginations that quickly spread action potential to all parts of muscle fiber
T tubules
101
The muscle cell cytoplasm
| Contains myoglobin for oxygen storage
Sarcoplasm
102
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores
Calcium ions
103
Separates one sarcomere from the next
Z discs
104
Name the layers of connective tissue components
```
Perimysium
Epimysium
Endomysium
Muscle fiber cell
Myofibril
Filaments
```
105
Underneath the endomysium , the plasma membrane surrounding and individual muscle fiber
Sarcolema
106
In the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) of skeletal muscle fibers there are contractile proteins called
Myofibrils
107
The sarcoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each muscle fiber stores
Calcium ions
108
When the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions it triggers
Muscle contraction
109
The basic functional unit if skeletal muscle fibers is the
Sarcomere
110
What supporting proteins help keep the thick filaments and thin filaments in place
M line
Z disc
Titan filament
111
Darker middle part of the sarcomere
A band
112
What protein covers the thin filaments
Actin
113
What protein mostly covers thick filaments
Myosin
114
Thin filaments are made of what three things
Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
115
Thin filaments are held in place by
Z discs
116
Contraction cycle keeps repeating as long as there is high
ATP and calcium ion levels
117
5 steps of contractions
```
Exposure of active sites
Formation of crossbridges
Power stroke of myosin heads
ATP binds to myosin and detaches it from actin
Myosin hydrolyzes ATP
```
118
The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids where
Yellow marrow
119
Two thirds of the weight of bone is accounted for by
Crystals of calcium phosphate
120
Two types of Osseous tissue are
Compact bone and spongy bone
121
The basic functional units of mature compact bone are
Osteons
122
Unlike compact bone, spongy bone contains concentric lamellae that forms struts or plates called
Trabeculae
123
The hormones that coordinate the storage absorption and secretion of calcium ions are
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones
124
List 4 distinctive cell populations of Osseous tissue
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteogenic cells
Osteocytes
125
Osteoblasts do what
Builds bone
126
Osteoclasts do what
Breaks down bone to release calcium
127
Osteogenic cells turn into mature bone cells called
Osteocytes
128
Endochondral ossification is when
Existing cartilage become bone
129
Intramembranous ossification is when
Embryonic tissue is formed into bone
130
Name three nutritional factors for normal bone growth
Calcium
Vitamin d
B12
Vitamin c
131
What hormonal factors are necessary for bone growth
Parathyroid and calcitonin
132
What major effects of parathyroid oppose those of calcitonin
Both antagonists
Parathyroid stimulates osteoclasts
Calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts
133
Name three functions of synovial fluid
Nourishes chondrocytes
Provides lubrication
Absorbs shock
134
Example if monoaxial joints are
Elbow and knee
135
Joints that connect the fingers and toes to the metacarpals and metatarsal s
Chondyloidal or ellipsoidal joints
136
List three types of muscle tissue
Cardiac skeletal smooth
137
Cardiac tissue
Involuntary
Striated
Autoarythmic
Intercalated discs
138
Skeletal muscle
Involuntary
Striated
Multinucleated
139
Smooth muscle
Involuntary
Non striated
Single nucleus
140
What structural feature of the skeletal muscle fiber is responsible for conducting action potentials into the cell
T tubules
141
Anything that blocks binding of acetylcholine effects what
Contraction
| Bc you cannot generate an action potential
