SUGER

Question 1

What 3 changes to the uterus does oestrogen have during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 1

1) Proliferation of endo and myo metrium
2) Increase no. of receptors for progesterone at endometrium
3) Watery, abundant cervical mucus

Question 2

What 3 changes to the uterus does progesterone have during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 2

1) Development of the secretory endometrium - coiled glands, glycogen and increased no. of blood vessels
2) Inhibition of myometrium contractions
3) Thick mucus (prevents bacteria)

Question 3

What is the corpus albicans?

Answer 3

The remnant of the corpus luteum (fibrous structure)

Question 4

Name the pituitary hormone that stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone

Answer 4

LH

Question 5

Describe the endothelium of the capillaries at the glomerular tuft

Answer 5

Fenestrated

Question 6

State the GFR

Answer 6

125mL/min

180L/day

Question 7

What effect on GFR does constriction of the afferent arterioles have?

Answer 7

Decreased GFR due to decreased hydrostatic pressure

Question 8

What effect on GFR does constriction of the effect arterioles have?

Answer 8

Increased GFR due to increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 9

State the equation for net filtration pressure at the renal corpuscle in terms of starlings forces

Answer 9

PGC - (PBS + πGC)

Question 10

Describe the proportions of Na (and therefore water) reabsorbed at each part of the renal tubule

Answer 10

PCT - 65%
Loop of Henle - 25%
DCT - 5%
Collecting duct - 4%

Question 11

In which part of the kidneys are renal corpuscles of all neprhons found?

Answer 11

Cortex

Question 12

Describe juxtamudullary nephrons

Answer 12

15%
Renal corpuscle in the cortex but close to medullary-cortex junction
Long loop of henle - responsible for creating an osmotic gradient for the reabsorption of water

Question 13

Where are macula densa cells found?

Answer 13

DCT walls

Question 14

Which limb of the loop of Henle does water reabsorption take place

Answer 14

Descending

Question 15

Which limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water

Answer 15

Ascending

Question 16

What 3 factors determin the GFR

Answer 16

Membrane permeability
SA
Filtration (starling pressures)

Question 17

What force favours glomerular filtration?

Answer 17

Pressure in the glomerular capillary

Question 18

Why does πGC oppose filtration?

Answer 18

Presence of proteins in GC, lower water potential than in bowmans space. Water froms out of BS to GC

Question 19

From where are substances secreted into the tubule (PCT)

Answer 19

Peritubular capillary

Question 20

What percentage of the plasma is filtered at the renal corpuscle (ultrafiltration)

Answer 20

20%

Question 21

What two capillary beds arise from the efferent arteriole?

Answer 21

Peritubular capillary

Vasa recta

Question 22

State the eq for filtered load

Answer 22

Plasma conc of substance x GFR

Question 23

Was is the role of the Vasa recta

Answer 23

Maintain gradient of counter current system

Question 24

Where is ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) synthesised and in response to what?

Answer 24

Atrial myocytes

High blood pressure/distention

Question 25

What is the action of ANP?

Answer 25

``` Inhibits Na reabsorption Increased GFR (renal vasodilator Inhibits Aldosterone (closes ENaC channels) ```

Question 26

Other than stimulating the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal medulla what other actions does angiotensin II have?

Answer 26

Increases sympathetic activity Arteriolar vasoconstriction (selective to efferent arteriole) ADH release form the posterior pituitary Direct Na reabsorption/K secretion

Question 27

Where does the inguinal ligament run?

Answer 27

ASIS to pubic tubule

Question 28

Where does the inguinal canal run?

Answer 28

Mid inguinal point to pubic tubule

Question 29

What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?

Answer 29

Inguinal ligament | Reinforced medially by the lacunar ligament

Question 30

What forms the deep inguinal ring?

Answer 30

Transversalis fascia

Question 31

What forms the superficial inguinal ring?

Answer 31

External oblique

Question 32

What form the superior border of the inguinal canal?

Answer 32

Transversalis fascia, tranversus abdominis, internal oblique

Question 33

What form the anterior border of the inguinal canal?

Answer 33

Aponeurosis of the external oblique

Question 34

What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

Answer 34

Transversalis fascia

Question 35

What are the 3 covering of the spermatic cord?

Answer 35

Internal spermatic External spermatic Cremasteric

Question 36

What are the 3 arteries/veins that run in the spermatic cord?

Answer 36

Artery/vein of Vas Testicular a/v Cremasteric a/v

Question 37

What are the 3 nerves that run in the inguinal canal?

Answer 37

Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Autonomic(sym)

Question 38

What 3 others things can be found in the spermatic cord?

Answer 38

Vas Deferens Lymphatics Tunica vaginalis (Pampiniform plexus)

Question 39

What are the roots of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 39

L1-L4

Question 40

What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus?

Answer 40

``` Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Lateral cutaneous Femoral Obturator ```

Question 41

What are the roots of the iliohypogastric?

Answer 41

L1 (&T12)

Question 42

What are roots of the ilioinguinal?

Answer 42

L1

Question 43

What are the roots of the genitofemoral?

Answer 43

L1 and L2

Question 44

What are the roots of the lateral cutaneous?

Answer 44

L2 and L3

Question 45

What are the roots of the femoral nerve?

Answer 45

L2,3,4

Question 46

What are the roots of the obturator nerve?

Answer 46

L2,3,4

Question 47

What does the genital branch of the genitofemoral supply?

Answer 47

Motor - Cremasteric muscle | Sensory - Scrotum (M), Mons pubis/labia majora (F)

Question 48

What does the lateral cutaneous nerve supply?

Answer 48

Skin over the lateral part of the thigh

Question 49

What does the femoral nerve supply?

Answer 49

Anterior compartment of the thigh (motor and sensory)

Question 50

What does the obturator nerve supply?

Answer 50

Medial compartment of the thigh (motor and sensory)

Question 51

What is the action of the quadratus laborum?

Answer 51

Extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Question 52

What are the actions of the psoas major?

Answer 52

FLEXION of the thigh at the hip | Lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Question 53

What is the action of the iliacus

Answer 53

FLEXION of the thigh at the hip

Question 54

Where do the iliacus and psoas major insert?

Answer 54

Lesser trochanter of the femur (iliacus joins with psoas)

Question 55

Describe the relationship between the ureter and uterine artery (in females)

Answer 55

Ureter passed behind the uterine artery (water under bridge)

Question 56

The bladder receives its blood supply from a branch of which artery?

Answer 56

Internal iliac

Question 57

What is the parasympathetic nerve supply to the bladder?

Answer 57

Pelvic S234

Question 58

What is the sympathetic nerve supply to the bladder?

Answer 58

Hypogastric

Question 59

What is the somatic nerve supply to the external sphincter of the bladder?

Answer 59

Pudendal S234

Question 60

What is the effect on the bladder if a spinal cord injury occurs above S2?

Answer 60

Reflex bladder No awareness of filling External sphincter constantly relaxed

Question 61

What is the effect on the bladder if a spinal cord injury occurs between s2-4?

Answer 61

Flaccid bladder | Fills uncontrollably until overflow

Question 62

What ligament forms the greater sciatic foramen?

Answer 62

Sacrospinous ligament

Question 63

What ligament forms the lesser sciatic foramen?

Answer 63

Sacrotuberous ligament

Question 64

Describe the adaptations of the female pelvis for childbirth

Answer 64

1) Wider and broader but lighter 2) Oval inlet 3) Less prominent ischial spines 4) Shorter move curved sacrum 5) Greater angled sub-pubic arch

Question 65

What is the anatomical position of the uterus?

Answer 65

Anteverted | Anteflexed

Question 66

Which ligament is responsible for the anverted position of the uterus?

Answer 66

Round

Question 67

Where does the cardinal ligament run?

Answer 67

Base of broad ligament, lateral walls of cervix to pelvic walls

Question 68

What does the cardinal ligament contain?

Answer 68

Uterine artery and vein