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IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 double membrane organelles within a cell

A

Nucleus

Mitochondria

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2
Q

Where is DNA found in the cell

A

Nucleus

AND MITOCHONDRIA

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3
Q

In what type of cells is heterochromatin likely to found in higher concentrations? How does is appear on an electron miscroscope

A

Inactive cells

Darkly stained

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4
Q

In what type of cells is euchromatin likely to found in higher concentrations? How does is appear on an electron miscroscope

A

Active cells

Lightly stained

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5
Q

What it the role of the nucleous

A

Synthesis ribosomal RNA

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6
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic resp/oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

What role do the outer membranes of mitochondria have?

A

Lipid synthesis

Fatty acid metabolism

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8
Q

Where in the mitochondria does the ETC take place?

A

Inner membrane

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9
Q

Where in the in mitochondria does the Krebs/TCA cycle take place

A

Matrix

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10
Q

What are the extensions of the inner mitochondrial membranes called?

A

Cristae

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11
Q

Where are proteins systhesised

A

Ribosomes/RER

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12
Q

What is the function of the SER

A

Lipid synthesis
Ca2+ storage
Protein processing

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13
Q

What are the 3 parts of the golgi apparatus and what are their individual roles?

A

Cis golgi - entry of molecules, some phosphorylation
Middle golgi - main processing centre, addition of sugars
Trans golgi - proteolysis (cut ends of proteins - active form), exit in vesicles

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14
Q

Give the 5 types of vesicles that may be found in a cell

A

1) Golgi derived
2) Cell surface derived
3) ER derived
4) Lysosomes
5) Peroxisomes

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15
Q

Describe the features of a lysosome

A

H+-ATPase on surface - acidic

Hydrolytic enzymes

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16
Q

What is an peroxisome? What is it role?

A

A type of vesicle that takes in O2. Removes from hydrogen from organic molecules, forms H2O2 and oxidised long chain fatty acids.

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17
Q

What enzymes are found in a peroxisome

A

D-amino acid oxidase
Catalase
Ureate oxidase

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18
Q

What are the 3 component of a the cell cytoskeleton

A

Microfilament
Intermediate filament
Microtubule

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19
Q

What is microfilament composed of? (5nm) And what is it role?

A

F-actin
Form mesh inside cell surface for structural support
Allows membrane to move - phagocytosis

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20
Q

Give 3 examples of intermediate fillament? (10nm) And state the roles of microfilaments

A

Laminin
Desmin
Keratin
Anchored to transmembrane proteins and spread tensile forces throughout the tissue

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21
Q

What is microtubule filament composed of?(25nm) Describe its structure

A

Tubulin

alpha and beta molecules arranged into groups of 13 to give a hollow tube-like structure

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22
Q

Give two used of microtubules

A

Axonal transport

Chromosome separation, arise from centrosomes

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23
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Two centrioles

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24
Q

What are the 4 different types of proteins found in the plasma membrane?

A

Transport proteins
Receptor proteins
Enzymes
Cell adhesion molecules

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25
What is endocytosis?
Region of plasma membrane that fold into the cell, forming intracellular vesicles
26
What percentage of the body weight does water contribute? How many litres is the?
60% | 42L
27
What percentage of the water in our bodies is intracellular? How many L?
40% | 28L
28
What percent of water in the body is extracellular? How many L?
20% | 14L
29
What are the 2 division of the ECF?
Plasma | Interstitial
30
How many litres of fluid are found in the plasma of the ECF?
3L
31
How many litres of fluid are found in the interstitium?
11L
32
What is/are the predominant electrolyte(s) in the ECF?
Na Chloride Bicarbonate
33
What is the predominant electrolyte in the ICF?
K
34
What is the transcellular fluid?
(ECF) Makes up CSF, digestive fluid, mucus etc
35
What are the main osmotically active substances in the ECF?
Sodium Chloride Glucose Urea
36
What is the main osmotically active substance in the ICF?
K
37
What are the 3 methods of fluid intake
Drinks Diet IV
38
What are the 2 types of water loss?
Sensible and insensible
39
State the sensible loss of fluid?
Urine - kidneys
40
State the insensible losses?
Vomiting Breathing Sweating Faeces
41
What are the 3 regulating hormones of water homeostatis?
ADH Aldosterone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
42
How is osmolality of the ECF increased?
Increased solutes | Decreased water
43
Where are osmoreceptors located?
Hypothalamus
44
What hormone is released in response to an increase in osmolality?
ADH
45
What hormone is released when renal blood flow is decreased?
Aldosterone
46
What is the action of aldosterone?
Increased Na reab K secretion Also stimulates ADH
47
State the causes of dehydration?
Decreased in take - drink Increased lose - urine/sweat Decreased ADH
48
Hyponatraemia is a consequence of what?
Dehydration
49
Define hydrostatic pressure
Pressure diff between capillary blood and interstitial fluid | Hydrostatic pressure decreased from arterial end to venule end
50
In which direction does hydrostatic pressure cause water and solute to move?
From cap to interstitium
51
Define oncotic pressure
The osmotic pressure cause by the difference in protein concentration between the capillary blood and interstitial fluid
52
In which direction does oncotic pressure cause water and solute to move?
From interstitium to plasma
53
Define odema
XS water intracellular tissue
54
Define osmolality/osmolarity
The amount/conc of a solute in a solution/the measure of the no. of dissolved particles per unit of fluid
55
Give the units for osmolality
m(Os)mol/Kg
56
Give the units for osmolarity
mmol/L
57
Define osmosis
The spontaneous net movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of higher solute concentration
58
Define oncotic pressure
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, tends to cause water to move from interstitium to plasma
59
What are the 4 different types of odema
Inflammatory Venous Lymphatic Hypoalbuminaemic
60
Give 2 examples of positive feedback mechanisms
Clotting cascade | Oxytocin release
61
Give examples of negative feedback
Temp regulation BP reg BM reg Metabolic regulation
62
Define osmotic pressure
The pressure exerted on water by the movement of solute
63
What happens in inflammatory oedema?
Leaky capillaries
64
What happens in venous oedema?
Increase end pressure
65
What happens in lymphatic oedema?
Decreased lymphatic drainage
66
What happens in hypoalbumaenic oedema?
Low albumin in capillary, decrease in oncotic pressure less water moves back to cap
67
State the causes of hypernatriaemia
Increased Na - diet/mineralcorticoids-aldosterone | Decreased water - low intake, high output
68
What is meant by a negative gibbs free energy (delta G)
Reaction is spontaneous
69
In which direction is DNA synthesised?
5' to 3' direction
70
State the stop codons RNA
UAG, UGA, UAA
71
State the start codon
AUG

Phase 1 EDF (12 decks)

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