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1
Q

Symptoms of Coryza

A

Runny nose
Sneezing
Maliase
Sore nose and throat

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2
Q

Complications of Coryza

A

Sinusitis
Acute bronchitis
Sore ear

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3
Q

Treatment of Coryza

A

Herbal extracts
Bed rest
Fluids

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4
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Bacterial/fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses

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5
Q

Symptoms of sinusitis

A

Headache
Fever
Facial pain

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6
Q

Investigations for sinusitis

A

CT of paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

Treatment

A

Decongestants
Corticosteroid nasal spray
Broad spectrum antibiotics

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8
Q

Treatment of rhinitis

A

Antihistamines (loratadine)
Topical corticosteroid
Montelukast

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9
Q

Treatment of pharyngitis

A

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

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10
Q

Treatment of acute laryngotracheobronchitis

A

Nebulised adrenaline
Oxygen
Oral corticosteroids (dexamethasone)

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11
Q

What organism causes acute epiglottis?

A

H. influenzae

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12
Q

Complications of acute epiglotitis

A

Meningitis
Diphtheria
Septic arthritis
Osteomyelitis

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13
Q

Treatment of acute epiglotitis

A 
Urgent endotracheal intubation 
IV antibiotics (ceftazidime, cefttriaxone)
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14
Q

Which influenza causes pandemics?

A

Influenza A

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15
Q

Investigations for influenza

A

Increase in hemaglutinin

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16
Q

Treatment of influenza

A

Bed rest + fluids
Paracetamol
Neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir, oselramivir)

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17
Q

Treatment of acute bronchitis

A

No antibiotics unless there is chronic underlying lung disease (amoxicillin)

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18
Q

Investigations for pneumonia

A

CXR
FBC - U + E’s, CRP
Sputum culture
CURB65

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19
Q

Treatment of CAP with CURB65 score 0-2?

A

Amoxicillin (doxycycline is allergic)

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20
Q

Treatment of CAP with CURB65 score 3-5?

A

IV co-amoxyclav + clarithromycin/doxycycline

Levafloxicine if allergic

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21
Q

Antibiotic for staph aureus

A

Flucloxacillin

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22
Q

Antibiotics for pneumocystis

A

Co-trimoxazole

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23
Q

Antibiotic for chylamdia pstacci

A

Doxycycline/clarithromycin

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24
Q

Antibiotics for legionella

A

Levafloxicin

Consider rifampricin

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25
Colour of sputum in COPD normally
Clear/grey
26
Treatment of infective exacerbation of COPD
iSOAP
27
Step 1 asthma treatment
SABA (salbutamol)
28
Step 2 of asthma management
SABA + inhaled steroid (beclomethasone)
29
Step 3 of asthma management
SABA + inhaled corticosteroid + LABA (salmetarol)
30
Step 4 of asthma management
Trials of - leukotriene receptor antagonist (montelukast) - theophylline
31
Step 5 of asthma treatment
Oral corticosteroid (prednisolone)
32
Define severe asthma attack
Unable to complete sentences RR > 25 HR > 110bpm PEFR
33
Define life threatening asthma attack
PEFR
34
Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea
Loud snoring Daytime sleepiness ,opening headache Overweight
35
Causes of obstructive sleep apnoea
Obesity COPD Respiratory depressants
36
Investigations for obstructive sleep apnoea
Epworth sleepiness scale > 10-15 apnoeas in any 1 hour of sleep Overnight pulse oximetry
37
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea
Nasal Continuos Positive Airway Pressure (via mask during sleep)
38
Most common cause of bronchiectasis
CF
39
Symptoms of bronchiectasis
Productive cough Halitosis Clubbing Coarse crackles
40
Treatment of bronchiectasis
Postural drainage Antibiotics Bronchodilators
41
What is CF?
``` Mutation in CFTR gene on chromosome 7 Failure of Cl- channels to open Increased cAMP Decreased Cl- Increased Na+ Invpcreased viscosity of airway secretions ```
42
Investigations for CF
``` Genetic tests/Family history Sweat test (>60) ```
43
Investigations for TB
CXR consolidation | Culture > PCR > ZN stain
44
Side effects of rifampricin
Orange body fluids Hepatitis Flu-like illness
45
Side effect of isoniazide
Neuropathy Agranulocytosis Allergic reaction
46
Side effects of pyrazinamide
Hepatic toxicity Reduced renal excretion of urate Gout
47
Side effects of ethambutol
Colour blindness developing to blindness
48
Symptoms of sarcoidosis
``` Erythema nodosum Uveitis Peripheral lymphadenopathy Fatigue Weight loss ```
49
What type of reaction is sarcoidosis?
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
50
Investigations of sarcoidosis
CXR Restrictive lung pattern Increased serum ACE Increased Ca2+
51
Treatment of sarcoidosis
Corticosteroids
52
What type of reaction is SLE?
Type III hypersensitivity
53
Symptoms of SLE
Joint pain Fatigue Skin rash Pleurisy
54
Symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
``` Progressive breathlessness Dry cough Cyanosis Fine bilateral end-inspiratory crackles Clubbing Associated with autoimmune diseases ```
55
Investigations for IPF
CXR - initially ground glass --> honeycombs get CT (bilateral thick walled cysts) Restrictive lung pattern (decreased CO transfer) Anti-nuclear antibodies
56
Treatment of IPF
Corticosteroids (prednisolone) | Anti-fibrotic (pirfenidone)
57
What type of reaction is extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
Type III hypersensitivity
58
Investigations of extrinsic allergic alveolitis
CXR - fluffy upper zone nodular shadows CT - ground glass opacity Restrictive lung pattern (decreased CO transfer) Raised leukocytos and T cells
59
Investigations for coal workers pneumoconiosis
Rheumatoid factor and ANAs positive
60
Symptoms of asbestosis
Progressive breathlessness Clubbing Bilateral basal end-inspiratory crackles
61
Treatment of asbestosis
No treatments | Corticosteroids can help symptoms
62
Where do you needle aspirate a pneumothorax?
2nd intercostal space mid-clavicular line
63
Where do you insert a chest drain for a pneumothorax?
5 PTH intercostal mid-axillary line
64
What is empyema usually a complication of?
Pneumonia
65
Treatment of empyema
Surgical drainage
66
What is Type I respiratory failure?
Hypoxia with normal or low PaCO2
67
Causes of type I respiratory failure
``` Pneumonia Pulmonary oedema PE Fibrosing alveolitis Asthma Emphysema ARDS ```
68
What is Type II respiratory failure?
Hypoxia + hypercapnia
69
Causes of Type II respiratory failure
Pulmonary disease Neuromuscular disease (GB, MG) Thoracic wall disease
70
What causes ARDS
Stiff lungs due to gas exchange impairment (lung injury, sepsis and pneumonia) fibrous exudate lines alveolar walla CN impairs gas exchange , destroying alveoli
71
Treatment of ARDS
Treat underlying condition Diuretics Inhaled NO (vasodilator improves V/O) aerosolised surfactant
72
What is cor pulmonale?
Right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
73
Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension/cor pulmonale
``` Progressive breathlessness Ankle oedema Para sternal heave Tricuspid regurgitation Pulmonary hypertension RV Hypertrophy Elevated JVP Ascites ```
74
Treatment of cor pulmonale
Anticoagulants Diuretics Oxygen during plane travel
75
Symptoms of PE
``` Sudden breathlessness Sudden chest pain + haemoptysis Fever Pleural rub Raised JVP ```
76
Investigations for PE
D-dimer | V/Q scan
77
Treatment of PE
Oxygen Anticoagulant IV fluids FIBRINOLYTIC/THROMBOLYTICS (streptokinase)
78
Symptoms of pulmonary oedema
``` Breathlessness Orthopnoea Cough + haemoptysis (pink frothy sputum) Leg/abdominal swelling Pale skin ```
79
Treatment of pulmonary oedema
Diuretics | Oxygen
80
Symptoms of lung cancer
``` Cough Breathlessness Haemoptysis Chest pain Wheeze Hoarseness Dysphasia Clubbing ```
81
Hoarseness is caused by compression of what nerve?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
82
What do small cell carcinomas secrete?
ACTH
83
What is the most common type of lung cancer?
Squamous
84
Most common cancer in non smokers
Adenocarcinoma
85
When is surgery contraindicated in lung cancer?
Tumour is near hilum Evidence of metastasis FEV1 > 1.5L Vocal cord paralysis
86
What is Coryza?
Acute viral infection of the nasal passages (common cold)

AY Respiratory (11 decks)

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