Summer Test Questions That I Missed

Question 1

What are the 3 layers of the earth called

Answer 1

Crust,Mantle,Core

Question 2

What us the crust?

Answer 2

The crust is tone outer layer. It is made of sold rock and the oceans and continents lie on top of the crust.

Question 3

What is the mantle?

Answer 3

The mantle lies in the crust. It is made of molten rock called magma.

Question 4

What is the core?

Answer 4

The core is the centre of the Earth. It is made of iron and nickel. It is the hottest part of the earth at 6000 degrees Celsius. The core can be divided into the inner core and the outer core.

Question 5

What are plates?

Answer 5

The earths crust is broken into pieces called plates. The plates with land on top of them are called continental plates and the plates with oceans on top are called oceanic plates. The line where two plates meet is called a plate boundary.

Question 6

What is a convection current and how is one formed?

Answer 6

When magma is heated in the mantle it rises towards the crust. As it rises it cools and moves sideways. This causes friction between the magma and the crust and pulls the plates. The magma cools and sinks back down into the mantle. This process is constantly repeated.

Question 7

What is plate tectonics?

Answer 7

The study of plates and their movement is called plate tectonics. Pangea then broke up and the continents moved to the position they are today. Wegner called this continental drift.

Question 8

What happens when plates collide?

Answer 8

Plates that collide with each other have destructive or convergent boundaries. Here the crust is destroyed. Huge pressure is built up and the heavier plate is pushed under the lighter plate. This is called subduction. The heavier plate melts back into the mantle. The lighter plate is lifted up forming fold mountains. Plates that collide also cause earthquakes and volcanos. Eg. The Andes are fold mountains

Question 9

What happens when plates separate from each other?

Answer 9

Plates that separate from each other have constructive boundaries. Where new crust is created. Plates that separate from volcanic mountains,volcanic islands and mid-ocean ridges. Eg. Iceland is a volcanic island

Question 10

What happens when plates slide past each other?

Answer 10

Plates that slide past each other have passive boundaries. Crust is neither created nor destroyed here. These plates are locked together and then release a Hugh amount of energy when they slide past each other. Sliding plates cause earthquakes and fault lines. Eg. The San Andres Fault is a fault line in California.

Question 11

Where does most volcanic activity?

Answer 11

Most volcanic activity happens around the edge of the pacific plate. Which is why that area is known as the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Question 12

What is a mid-ocean ridge

Answer 12

Eg. In the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, the American plates are separating from the Eurasian and African plates and the magma that rises up through the cracks or fissures there is crating a chain of mountains on the seabed known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Question 13

What is a volcanic island?

Answer 13

Mountains on the seabed,formed when magma wells up through the cracks into the crust. Sometimes it rises above the surface of the ocean. These mountains are called volcanic islands. Eg. Iceland

Question 14

Describe the actions and lá led diagram on what happens in a volcano?

Answer 14

Magma can also rise hi from the magma chamber in the earths crust through the vent. A vent is a narrow tube in the crust. When magma reaches the surface we call it lava. Lava hot ash and rocks are thrown into the air as the volcano erupts and an ash cloud is formed. There is a build up of material around the vent. As more eruptions occur layer after layer is added to the volcano until a cone shaped mountain is formed. The lava counties to flow from the crater to the top of the volcano. An example of a volcano would be Mount St Helens USA

Question 15

Name 3 types of volcanoes

Answer 15

Active volcano
Dormant Volcano
Extinct volcano

Question 16

What is an active volcano

Answer 16

Active volcanos erupt regularly. Eg. Mount St Helens in the USA

Question 17

What is a dormant volcano

Answer 17

Dormant volcanoes have not erupted for a long time, but might erupt again. Eg. Mount Vesuvius in Italy

Question 18

What is a extinct volcano

Answer 18

An extinct volcano will not erupt again. Eg. Croghan Hill Co.Offaly

Question 19

What are 3 positive socio-economic effects of volcanoes?

Answer 19

1. The soils made from lava are rich in minerals and so are very suitable for agriculture
2. Tourist visit sites of some famous volcanos such as Mount Etna in Sicily Italy.
3. Water heated underground by volcanic activity can be used to generate geothermal energy to heat people’s homes

Question 20

What are 3 negative socio-ecomic effects of volcanoes

Answer 20

1. Gases provided by volcanoes such as sulphur dioxide,can poison people who live nearby and cause acid rain. This can affect activities such as agriculture,fishing and farming.
2. A lava flow burns everything in its path. There can be huge loss of human life when a volcano erupts.
3. When volcanic material mixes with water from rivers or rain or melting snow and ice a river of mud called a lahar can be created

Question 21

What is geothermal energy?

Answer 21

Geothermal energy is energy produced from the heat of the Earth This type of energy production is a major positive effect of volcanic activity in Iceland.

Question 22

Name 3 ways geothermal energy is used in Iceland

Answer 22

• The steam from the hot water is used to create electricity, which provides power for factories, offices and houses.
• Water heated by geothermal energy is piped into offices, schools and people’s homes and used to heat them
• It is one of the cheapest and most sustainable forms of energy.

Question 23

What is agriculture?

Answer 23

Agriculture is a very important socio-economic activity in Iceland. Although much of the island is mountainous and unsuitable for agriculture, about 20 per cent of the land area is fertile because it is rich in volcanic minerals.

Question 24

Name 3 things to do with agriculture in Iceland

Answer 24

• Crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers, as well as flowers, are grown in greenhouses that are heated using geothermal energy.
• The water used for the geothermal heating systems is reused to water the plants. This is an example of a sustainable use of water.
• Because Iceland is so far north, there are few hours of sunlight during winter. Cheap geothermal energy allows people in Iceland to create artificial light, which the plants need to grow.

Question 25

Tell me about tourism in Iceland?

Answer 25

Tourism in Iceland has grown a lot over recent years. More than two million people visit the country each year. That is six times the population of the country. Attractions include black-sand beaches, geysers and geothermal spas like the Blue Lagoon. These, as well as the 32 active volcanoes, are all the result of volcanic activity.

Question 26

Give me one positive and one negative affect on tourism in Iceland.

Answer 26

• Tourism provides many job opportunities. For example, locals work as tour guides and lifeguards.
• Tourism can lead to soil erosion and increasing property prices.

Question 27

Tell me about 3 short term responses after Mount St Helen erupted.

Answer 27

• The volcano was monitored before the eruption. This meant that authorities were able to evacuate the areas surrounding Mount St Helens. The death toll of 61 would have been much higher if the area had not been evacuated.
• A million tonnes of ash took ten weeks and millions of dollars to remove. It also provided jobs for 200,000 people.
• Electricity was restored.

Question 28

Tell me 3 long term responses after Mount St Helen erupted.

Answer 28

• Millions of trees were replanted. These trees will not be fully grown until 2050
• Farmers were given money as compensation for their losses.
• The government gave money to rebuild damaged buildings and transport routes.

Question 29

Name the 2 types of weathering?

Answer 29

Mechanical weathering and chemical weathering

Question 30

Explain the term mechanical weathering

Answer 30

A type of mechanical weathering is freeze thaw action. Freeze thaw action is when during the day water seeps into the rocks at night the temperature reaches freezing point casing the water to freeze putting pressure on the rocks causing it to break into scree

Question 31

Explain the term chemical weathering

Answer 31

A type of chemical weathering is carbonation. Carbonation is where water is mixed with a weak carbonic acid which can dissolves permeable rocks. Eg. Limestone.

Question 32

What is erosion

Answer 32

Erosion is the breaking down of rocks and soil and the transportation of the eroded material

Question 33

Name and explain one surface feature

Answer 33

Rivers that flow over a limestone surface can disappear underground through a swallow hole. When water flows over a limestone rock it dissolves it due to carbonation and the hole it left is called a swallow hole

Question 34

What is hydraulic acid

Answer 34

The force of moving water

Question 35

How are caves and caverns formed

Answer 35

As rivers flow underground through swallow holes they enlarge the passage this occurs by carbonation and hydraulic action. Eg. The aillwee caves

Question 36

What are stalactites

Answer 36

As the water seeps through the rock, it carries dissolved limestone with it. Some of this water eventually reaches the roof of a cave or a cavern below ground. The drops slowly evaporate and leave behind small deposits of pure limestone called calcite. Gradually the calcite builds up to form icicle-like shapes called stalactites, which hang from the roof.

Question 37

What are stalagmites?

Answer 37

Drops of water may also seep through the rock and fall on the ground. This water evaporates and leaves deposits of calcite on the floor of the cave directly below the stalactites. The calcite builds up, forming upside-down icicle-like shapes called stalagmites.

Question 38

What are pillars

Answer 38

After thousands of years a stalactite and a stalagmite can meet and join, resulting in the formation of a pillar or column.

Question 39

What is a landslide

Answer 39

A landslide is the rapid movement of regolith down a steep slope that has become unstable. Causes of landslides include coastal erosion, deforestation, heavy rainfall, earthquakes and undercutting by road building or quarrying.

Question 40

What is an avalanche

Answer 40

An avalanche is the rapid movement of snow and ice downslope when the weight of the snow is too much for the slope to hold.

Question 41

What are mudflows

Answer 41

Mudflows occur when soil and regolith become saturated with water after periods of heavy rainfall and move downslope like a river of mud. They are one of the fastest forms of mass movement

Question 42

What are big bursts?

Answer 42

A bog burst, or bog slide, occurs when a mass of bog or peat moves down a slope after a period of heavy rainfall. The peat becomes so saturated that water can no longer soak downwards.

Question 43

What is soil creep

Answer 43

Soil creep is the movement of soil down a slope under the influence of gravity. It is the slowest form of mass movement. Evidence of it is Trees grow at an angle, with the base of the tree turned downslope. As the soil moves downslope, a series of steps called terracettes can form, giving the surface a wrinkled appearance. Fences bend and telegraph poles tilt downhill. Walls crack and break when soil piles up behind them.

Question 44

What is a karst landscape

Answer 44

Karst is a type of landscape where the dissolving of the bedrock has created sinkholes, sinking streams, caves, springs, and other characteristic features. An example in Ireland is the burrren