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Sunday Flashcards

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1
Q

Job commitment is most highly correlated with

A

Absenteeism and turnover

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2
Q

Most effective type of modeling per Bandaranaike for phobic reactions

A

Participant modeling

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3
Q

Cognitive profile for depression per CBT

A

Cognitive triad of negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future

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4
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

Occurs when a behavior increases because it permits avoidance of an undesirable consequence

Two factor learning

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5
Q

Ellis versus Beck regarding thoughts

A

Ellis - Irrational

Beck -Automatic

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6
Q

Self-efficacy beliefs

A

A person’s beliefs about his/her ability to perform a target behavior and are a contributor to motivation

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7
Q

Who is responsible for reciprocal inhibition

A

Wolfe

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8
Q

Ethnic matching is most beneficial for what groups

A

Asian and Hispanic Americans

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9
Q

Multicollinearity

A

A problem associated with multiple regression which occurs when two or more predictors are highly correlated with each other.

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10
Q

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

A

Reactions to an external event are mediated by his/her beliefs about the events

ABC Model
Antecedents
Beliefs
Consequences due to belief

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11
Q

Sensory register

A

Responsible for the storage of incoming sensory events, large in capacity but short in duration

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12
Q

Cause of experimental neurosis

A

Difficulty discriminating stimuli in Classical Conditioning

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14
Q

Stimulus control

A

Cues that a behavior will or will not be reinforced

Example of two-factor learning

  • Classical conditioning associating cue with consequence
  • Operant conditioning is the provision or non-provision of the reinforcement after target bx is performed
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15
Q

Cognitive profile for anxiety per CBT

A

Excessive form of normal survival mechanisms that’s expressed as unrealistic fears

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17
Q

Thorndike and research

A

Research with hungry cats in puzzle boxes led to his law of effect which predicts that behaviors followed by “satisfying consequences” are likely to be repeated

Concluded that learning is due to trial and error

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18
Q

Goal of REBT

A

To identify and replace irrational beliefs with more rational realistic ones

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18
Q

Elaborating rehearsal

A

Most effective memory strategy

Involves thinking about new information and relating it to information that’s already stored in long-term memory

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20
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

The fact that a person’s characteristics, overt behaviors, and environment are in constant interaction

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21
Q

Discrimination training

A

Presenting stimuli similar to the CS without the US

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22
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

The social identity, the aspect of self-esteem based on group membership, is enhanced by believing ones own group is attractive and belittling the members of the other group

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24
Q

Covert sensitization

A

Aversion therapy in the imagination

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25
Q

What is a disadvantage of using percentile ranks

A

Tend to overestimate raw score differences in the middle of the score distribution and underestimate raw score differences at the end of the distribution

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26
Q

Strong evidence of a genetic component are seen in what personality disorders

A

Antisocial
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Paranoid

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27
Q

Most effective treatment for migraines

A

Thermal biofeedback

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28
Memory impairment differences in depression and dementia
Depression - Recall memory is affected, but not recognition memory Dementia - Recall and recognition memory are impaired
29
Effects of aging on recall
Free recall is more affected by age than cued recall
30
Buckley Amendment
Parents have the right to not only inspect and review their children’s school records, but also to challenge the contents of the records
31
Reciprocal inhibition
A type of counterconditioning in which the undesirable response is anxiety or fear
32
5 steps of self-instructional training
1) Cognitive modeling - model performs while making statements aloud 2) Cognitive participant modeling - Client performs task while model verbalized instructions 3) Overt self instruction - Client performs task while instructing self aloud 4) Fading overt self-instruction - client whispers instructions 5) Covert self-instruction - performs task while saying instructions without a sound
33
Trace conditioning
Presenting and terminating the CS before presenting the US
33
Koehler’s insight learning
Based on work with chimps with problem solving tasks Learning does not require reinforcement, but depends on the ability to apply and recombine previous experiences in novel ways to solve unfamiliar problems
35
Overcorrection
Type of punishment in which the penalty for the undesirable behavior is performing more desirable alternative behaviors 2 phases 1) Restitution phase - Corrects consequences of behavior 2) Positive practice phase - Practice appropriate behaviors
36
What treatment is used for tension headaches
EMG biofeedback
38
Stimulus generalization
When stimuli similar to the original CS also elicit a CR The strength of the CR diminishes as the similarity between the stimuli and the original CS decreases
38
Disorders with CBT
Each disorder has a unique cognitive profile that’s reflected in the person’s automatic thoughts, cognitive schemas, and cognitive distortions
39
Self instructional training
Originally used to help impulsive children Assumption that self-statements mediate behavior and maladaptive behaviors can be replaced by more adaptive behaviors by modifying a person’s self statements
40
Techniques used in REBT
1) Disputing illogical beliefs 2) social skills training 3) Rational-emotive imagery 4) Role-playing 5) in Vito desensitization
41
Piaget’s ideas around children and lying
At around 7 or 8 children begin to intentionally communicate false statements. Prior to that Piaget believed children think their false statements are harmless and natural
42
Guttman scale
Items are arranged in an order so that an individual who agrees with a particular item also agrees with items of lower rank-order
44
Kinder-Richardson formula
Indicates test’s internal consistency reliability Used to assess the inter-item consistency of tests that are dichotomously scored
45
Hopelessness theory of depression
Hopelessness is a proximal sufficient cause of depression Proximal means that in a chain of causal factors, hopelessness occurs at the end of the chain, closest to the resulting symptoms of depression Sufficient means that the presence of hopelessness is enough to cause depression
45
Aversion therapy
Uses counterconditioning to eliminate an undesirable self-reinforcing behavior such as drug use or a paraphilia. Stimulus associated with the undesirable bx is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits pain or other unpleasant reaction
47
Self-perception theory
When clear internal cues are absent, individual infer feelings and beliefs by observed behavior or external cues
48
Relationship between attitude and behaviors according to Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Our inner attitudes are adjusted to match our behaviors.
49
What is a method of determining the worth or value of a job in an organization
Job Evaluation
50
Encounter stage of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model
Interest in developing an African American identity and a preference for a therapist of one’s own race
50
Differential reinforcement
Combines extinction with positive reinforcement for other behaviors
51
Immersion/Emersion stage of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model
Struggle between old and emerging ideas about race. Initial idealization of African Americans and denigration of whites, but then becomes less emotionally immersed
51
Levels of processing model
Proposes that there’s a single memory system that consists of three levels of processing 1) physical level (what it looks like) 2) Acoustic level (sounds like) 3) Semantic level (its meaning)
52
Flextime has the greatest impact on
Absenteeism
54
What theory is Levinson associated with
Seasons of a mans life
55
Counterconditioning
Pairing a stimulus that produces an undesirable response with a stimulus that produces an incompatible response to eliminate the undesirable response
55
Types of cognitions in CBT
1) automatic thoughts 2) cognitive schemas 3) cognitive distortions
55
Two types of declarative memory
Semantic and episodic
57
Pre-encounter stage of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model
Whites seen as ideal and African Americans are denigrates
59
Onset of stuttering
Between 2 and 7 with a peak onset at age 5 98% of cases are before 10
60
Autocorrelation
Observations obtained close together in time from the same subjects ten to be highly correlated
61
Efficacy of aversion therapy
Good short term effects, but the relapse rates are high
63
Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal
1) Insomnia 2) Decreased heart rate 3) Increased appetite 4) Depressed or dysphoric mood
64
Tolman’s latent learning
Learning can occur without reinforcement Support from rats in mazes - formed cognitive maps for maze even though weren’t rewarded
65
Stages of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model
1) Pre-encounter 2) Encounter 3) Immersion/Emerson 4) Internalization/Commitment
66
Internalization/Commitment stage of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model
Individual adopts an African-American world view
66
Fading
Gradual removal of a prompt
68
What theory is Neugarten associated with
Shift in perspective from time from birth to time from death
68
Escape conditioning
Occurs when a behavior increases because it permits escape from an undesirable consequence
69
Social comparison theory
People self-evaluate by comparing themselves with similar others when objective information is not available
69
Delay conditioning
Presenting the CS so that it precedes and overlaps presentation of the US
70
Acrostic
A phrase or rhyme that’s constructed from the first letter of each word that’s to be memorized
71
Impact of cocaine on neurotransmitters
Blocks the reuptake of dopamine

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