SUPPLEMENTAL

Question 1

this is a genetic disorder where the disaccharides for making derma tan sulfate are very low. it results in dwarfed stature, rapid aging, defects in muscle, joints and skin

Answer 1

progeria

Question 2

these polysaccharides predominate over proteins in the matrix in invertebrates and plants?

Answer 2

cellulose (poly glucose) and chitin (poly-n-acetylglucosamine)

Question 3

what comprises Hyaluronan?

Answer 3

1 glucuronate and 1 N-acetylglucosamine

Question 4

this GAG is important as a space filler/retainer?

what is this GAG catabolized by?

this GAG has binding proteins found in the matrix and on cell membranes

Answer 4

Hyaluronan

Hyaluronidase

Hyaladherins

Question 5

what are chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate comprised of?

Answer 5

glucuronate and 1 N-acetylgalactosamine

iduronate and 1 N-acetylgalactosamine

Question 6

what are heparan sulfate and heparin comprised of?

Answer 6

glucuronate or iduronate and N-acetylglucosamine

Question 7

between heparan sulfate and heparin, which one has more sulfates?

Answer 7

heparin

Question 8

what is keratan sulfate comprised of?

Answer 8

galactose and N-acetylglucosamine

Question 9

name this GAG

huge, no sulfate, not part of a. GAG

Answer 9

hyaluronan

Question 10

name this GAG

most abundant

Answer 10

chondroitin SO4

Question 11

name this GAG

most sulfate

Answer 11

heparin

Question 12

name this GAG

less sulfate

Answer 12

heparin SO4

Question 13

name this GAG

not to be confuses w/ keratin

Answer 13

keratan SO4

Question 14

name this GAG

nothing special, epimer to chondroitin sulfate

Answer 14

Dermatan SO4

Question 15

what are some specific signals that proteoglycans bind?

Answer 15

FGF

TGF

Question 16

this type of proteoglycan is used for mechanical support, aggregates with hyaluronan

cartilage

130 GAGs

Answer 16

aggrecan

Question 17

this type of proteoglycan is used to bind type I collagen and TGF-B

connective tissue

1 GAG

Answer 17

decorin

Question 18

this type of proteoglycan is used for for cell adhesion and binding FGF

fibroblast and epithelial cells

1-3 GAGs

Answer 18

syndecan-1

Question 19

this final form of collagen is found in bone and resists mechanical stress in the x,y,z plane?

Answer 19

angled bundle

Question 20

this syndrome results from a mutation in the fibrillin gene, which could lead to a rupture in the aorta?

Answer 20

marfan’s syndrome

Question 21

why is a1-antitrypsin important?deficiency causes what?

Answer 21

lung elasticity

emphysema

Question 22

what are the phases for hair development?

Answer 22

alpha helix keratin
protofibril
microfibril
macrofibril
hair

Question 23

for elastin, what gives the elasticity? what are the ends rich in?

Answer 23

hydrophobic R groups

rich in alanine and lysine, form alpha helical arrays and cross link with other elastin molecules

Question 24

what is the effect of integrins triggering intracellular signal cascades?

Answer 24

binding to matrix alters gene expression

Question 25

what are the primary noncellular components of bone?

Answer 25

``` collagen matrix mineral complex (hydroxyapatite) ground substance (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan) ```

Question 26

what GAGs comprise the ground substance?

Answer 26

chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan

Question 27

what are the osteoclasts derived from? osteoblasts?

Answer 27

hematopoietic stem cell mesenchymal stem cells(osteoprogenitor cells)

Question 28

this protein chaperones osteonectin unto collagen so that hydroxyapatite can form?

Answer 28

osteocalcin chaperones

Question 29

the osteon contains this fluid type?

Answer 29

osteoid

Question 30

what are the types of hormones that comprise the three hormones used in bone regulation?

Answer 30

parathyroid, polypeptide 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, steroid protein calcitonin, polypeptide

Question 31

this hormone is not essential in humans and acts to decrease plasma Ca+ and HPO4,2-?

Answer 31

calcitonin

Question 32

the primary target of PTH is the bone, stimulated by decrease Ca+, this increases PTH what is the effect on the short term and long term? how does the secondary target affect Ca and HPO4,2-? overall net effect of primary and secondary targets?

Answer 32

increased osteoclast activity increased osteoclast numbers overall effect is increase in both plasma Ca and HPO4,2- proximal and distal tubules are affected from the kidney, Ca is retained in plasma, HPO4,2o is lost in the urine increase Ca and levels remain the same for HPO4,2-

Question 33

what is the effect of PTH on the tertiary target (kidney)?

Answer 33

the proximal tubules are affected which adds the second OH- group to calcitriol and so you have increase in both Ca and HPO4,2-

Question 34

what are the stages that cholesterol goes through to become 1,25-D3?

Answer 34

cholesterol 7-dehydro cholesterol in Gut then to Vit D3 in the skin, this become 25-D3 in the liver, than 1,25 D3 in the kidney because of increased PTH or decreased HPO4,2-, if non available than it becomes 24,25 D3

Question 35

what happens when PTH and calcitriol is present?

Answer 35

PTH overrides 1,25 D3 kidney effect and so Ca2+ is retained

Question 36

what does calcitonin primarily prevent?

Answer 36

postprandiol hypercalcemia