SUPPLEMENTAL

Question 1

how many microtubules comprise one microtubule?

what is unique about this structure?

Answer 1

13 protofilaments

hollow, cylindrical, straight tubule

Question 2

formed from 9 microtubular triplets?

what is the arrangement

Answer 2

centriole

pinwheel, 3 microtubular fibrils A,B,C

Question 3

these form basal bodies or kinetosome at cells surface?

why is this important?

Answer 3

centrioles

initiate formation of cilia, Micro Org Center

Question 4

what is the shaft of the cilia?what is it formed from?

Answer 4

axoneme

basal body composed of 9 microtubular doublets surrounding a pair of microtubules in the center

Question 5

what is example of thin filaments?

Answer 5

actin

Question 6

what is example of thick filaments?

Answer 6

myosin

Question 7

what are the examples of intermediate filaments?

Answer 7

cytokeratins
vimentin
desmin
glial fibrillary acid protein
neurofilaments

Question 8

T/F, epithelia are vascular?

Answer 8

F, nonvascular

Question 9

name this type of secretion:

apex of the cell lost as product? name an example?

Answer 9

apocrine, mammary glands

Question 10

name this type of secretion:

entire cell dies and is secreted as product? example?

Answer 10

holocrine, sebaceous glands

Question 11

name this type of secretion:

product is secreted via exocytosis

Answer 11

merocrine, most exocrine glands, pancreatic

Question 12

types and examples of endocrine glands?

Answer 12

unicellular (diffuse neuroendocrine)
cord and clump
follicular (thyroid gland)

Question 13

what are the types of junctional complexes?

Answer 13

occludens (tight)
adherens (desmosome)
gap junctions (nexus)

Question 14

where are lysosomes synthesized?

Answer 14

golgi apparatus

Question 15

what is unique about mitochondria in steroid secreting cells?

Answer 15

tubular cristae

Question 16

this glut transporter is found in the muscle, heart and fat?

this is what type of transport?

Answer 16

glut 4

facilitated transporter

Question 17

sodium dependent pump is what type of active transport?

Answer 17

secondary active transport

ABC transporter
intestina and renal glucose pump
intestinal and renal amino acid pump
calcium pumps in many cells

Question 18

ATPases are what type of active transport?

Answer 18

primary

Na/K ATPase
SERCA pump
ATP Synthase

Question 19

amino acids in proteins are in what configuration?

Answer 19

L-configuration

Question 20

what amino is substituted in sickle cell disease?

Answer 20

glutamic acid is swapped for valine, so an acidic aa for a non polar aa

Question 21

what are the uncharged polar amino acids?

Answer 21

serine
threonine
tyrosine
asparagine
cysteine
glutamine

Question 22

this amino acid is important in the active site of many enzymes?

phosphorylating a catabolic enzyme does what to its activity? what about to an anabolic enzyme?

Answer 22

serine

increases, decreases

Question 23

this enzyme removes a phosphate?

this enzyme adds a phosphate?

this enzyme takes an ATP, removes the phosphate to add to another protein?

Answer 23

phosphatase
phosphorylase
protein kinase

Question 24

what are the sites for attaching sugars?

Answer 24

asparagine
serine
threonine

Question 25

these aa serve as condensation points for hydroxyapatite? this aa cross links and is seen in collagen and fibrin clots?

Answer 25

proline and lysine lysine

Question 26

this is a secondary structure that refers to how neighboring alpha helices, beta sheets, and beta turns are oriented to each other?

Answer 26

motif greek key beta meander

Question 27

the -OH group on what carbon is replaced by an -H on ribose or deoxyribose?

Answer 27

carbon 2 | deoxyribose

Question 28

this regulatory enzyme commits to ribose to be made into nucleotides or deoxynucleotides?

Answer 28

ribose phosphate pyrophosphokinase preps carbon 1 for synthesis of purine or pyrimidine produces PRPP(5 phospho alpha, D ribose 1 pyrophosphate) from ribose 5 PO4

Question 29

this is the precursor of both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides?

Answer 29

PRPP

Question 30

key enzyme regulating how much PRPP becomes purine nucleotide?

Answer 30

amidophosphribosyl transferase

Question 31

this is a glutamine analog which is antibacterial by blocking purine synthesis?

Answer 31

azaserine

Question 32

what do purines make, IMP or UMP? what do pyrimidines make, IMP or UMP?

Answer 32

IMP | UMP

Question 33

XMP to GMP via what enzyme?

Answer 33

GMP synthase

Question 34

IMP to adenylosuccinate via what enzyme?

Answer 34

adenylosuccinate synthetase

Question 35

key regulatory enzyme for DNA precursor synthesis?

Answer 35

ribonucleotide reductase

Question 36

primary waste product of purine catabolism?

Answer 36

uric acid

Question 37

this enzyme inhibits xanthine oxidase, used to treat gout?

Answer 37

allopurinol

Question 38

if GPRTase is missing due to a genetic condition, this syndrome is developed which is characterized by aggression kidney stones renal failure and self mutilation

Answer 38

lesch nyhan syndrome

Question 39

what are the pyrimidine catabolism breakdown products?

Answer 39

malonate | methyl malonate

Question 40

what type of coiling compacts DNA?

Answer 40

negative supercoiling for less tension and ease of separation

Question 41

T/F, histones are negative or positively charged?

Answer 41

positively charged

Question 42

longest to shortest times of the phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 42

GI S G2 M, shortest*

Question 43

this enzyme can only read in 1 direction and write in 1 direction?

Answer 43

DNA polymerase reads 3-5 writes 5-3

Question 44

T/F, can we use maternal lineage to track mitochondrial DNA?

Answer 44

T

Question 45

most diverse least abundant RNA? most abundant least diverse RNA? more abundant than mRNA and the shortest of the RNAs?

Answer 45

mRNA rRNA tRNA

Question 46

RNA polymerase directionality?

Answer 46

reads 3-5 writes 5-3 unlike DNA polymerase, no exonuclease

Question 47

toxin produced by poisonous mushroom and called death cap?

Answer 47

alpha amanatin

Question 48

what does RNA polymerase stabilize, sense or antisense strand and which one read?

Answer 48

sense strand antisense strand

Question 49

this enzyme breaks the 3' bond to the amino acid on the aminoacyl tRNA at the P site and forms a peptide bond between the freed amino acid and the AA of the aminoacyl tRNA at the A site?

Answer 49

peptidyl transferase