surgery of bladder and urethra

Question 1

cystotomy

Answer 1

surgical incision into urinary bladder

Question 2

cystostomy

Answer 2

creation of opening into bladder

Question 3

cystectomy

Answer 3

remove portion of bladder

Question 4

urethrotomy

Answer 4

incision into urethra

Question 5

cystolithiasis

Answer 5

urinary bladder calculi

Question 6

cystolithectomy

Answer 6

removal of urinary bladder calculi

Question 7

trigone

Answer 7

smooth triangular portion of mucous membrane at base of bladder where ureters empty

Question 8

prepubic catheterization

Answer 8

performed to provide cutaneous urinary diversion in animals with obstruction or trauma

Question 9

uroabdomen

Answer 9

urine in abdominal cavity

Question 10

urethrostomy

Answer 10

permanent fistula into urehtra

Question 11

what are indications for a cystotomy?

Answer 11

remove calculi, repair trauma, resect neoplasms

Question 12

how is the longitudinal incision made for a cystotomy?

Answer 12

ventral or dorsal surface of body of bladder, away from urethra

Question 13

which approach is preferred for a cystotomy?

Answer 13

ventral exposure preferred owing to ease of access, performed if identification or catheterization of ureteral openings is necessary

Question 14

what is the goal of cystotomy closure?

Answer 14

obtain a watertight seal that will not promote formation of calculi

Question 15

how has a cystotomy closure traditionally been accomplished

Answer 15

using a single or double layer appositional patter, or inverting suture patters

Question 16

when is a single layer appositional closure sufficient?

Answer 16

if the bladder wall is thick

Question 17

in normal bladders, which suture pattern is typically adequate?

Answer 17

single layer appositional pattern

Question 18

luminal penetration is not believed to be associated with formation of calculus if what type of suture is used

Answer 18

monofilament suture

Question 19

if hemorrhage is expected to be severe, what may be considered

Answer 19

suturing the bladder mucosa as a separate layer

Question 20

can you diagnose the type of stone on the basis of crystals found in urine?

Answer 20

no

Question 21

when should surgery be considered for urinary calculi?

Answer 21

concurrent anatomic abnormalities present, medical dissolution not possible, culture required, stones are large enough that voiding hydropropulsion can cause obstruction

Question 22

how are stones lodged in the urethra causing obstruction removed?

Answer 22

urethrotomy

Question 22

what is the surgical technique for calculi?

Answer 22

cystotomy, incise small piece of bladder for culture, remove stones, check urethra, examine bladder for urachal diverticula and excise

Question 22

when should retrohydropropulsion in male dogs be used?

Answer 22

until it’s certain that no stones remain in urethral lumen

Question 23

what is retrohydropropulsion?

Answer 23

may be used to propel stones back into bladder

Question 24

how is retrohydropropulsion performed

Answer 24

place catheter in urethra distal to stone, inject sterile saline while urethra is occluded, once urethra is dilated, remove obstruction for stone to be flushed into bladder

Question 25

what should be performed after surgery of calculi removal?

Answer 25

submit stones for mineral analysis, perform abdominal rads, monitor for urinary obstruction, urine sediment, and urine pH

Question 26

what is the most common complication of cystotomy?

Answer 26

failure to remove all stones

Question 27

what is the main complication of urethrotomy?

Answer 27

hemorrhage

Question 28

is urethral stricture after urethrotomy common or uncommon?

Answer 28

uncommon

Question 29

what is the traditional lithotripsy technique?

Answer 29

use shock waves to break up stones

Question 30

what is laser lithotripsy?

Answer 30

via cystoscopy using Ho:YAG laser fiber

Question 31

when is cystostomy indicated?

Answer 31

provide cutaneous urinary diversion in pt with urinary obstruction , traumatized urethra, surgically repaired urethra