Sustainability

Question 1

What does LCA stand for?

Answer 1

Life cycle analysis

Question 2

What is the use of an LCA

Answer 2

A methodical approach to analyze and assess the life of a product

Question 3

Name the four phases of the LCA:

Answer 3

Goal and scope: Give context and boundaries
Inventory: Data collection, calculations and make flowchart
Impact asessment: Turn data into environmently more relavant infor
Interpretation: From facts to conclusion and advise

Question 4

Why is the standard LCA not very applicable at the start of the product development?

Answer 4

Because you dont know the scope of the product yet and how it is going to influence the environment.

Question 5

What is design thinking?

Answer 5

A method to achieve competitive advantage, through the design of products and services that better meet the needs of the market.

Question 6

Why, according to Grant and the quoted sources, is design thinking needed nowadays
for creating solutions in any type of industry?

Answer 6

However, the complexities facing business now include the need to become more resource efficient and implementing business models that increase value to customers while simultaneously reducing material inflows and waste.

Question 7

Where can design thinking be applied, other than in the design of products?

Answer 7

Education, transportation, economics and politics

Question 8

“The good news is that design thinking is systematic; the bad news is that it is not
formulaic” (Sato, 2009) What does this mean?

Answer 8

Pointing to the way in which designers mix and match methods and techniques drawn from these themes to suit the specific needs of the design challenge at hand.

Question 9

Design thinking consists of 5 ‘key themes’ (a description of the themes will do too):

Answer 9

• Human centred: Place people at the centre of the design
• Research based: Research applied in the aid of responding to design challanges.
• Broader contextual view: Expading the design to a wider frame. examine the system and context in which design challenges exist.
• Collaborative & multi-disciplinary:
• Iterative delivery & prototyping: Constant blijven verbeteren

Question 10

Why is conducting qualitative research considered important for design thinking?

Answer 10

Putting people at the centre of the design process suggests that a deep understanding of users their behaviours, motivators and barriers is required.

Question 11

Why are research methods from the field of anthropometric and ethnographic research considered important?

Answer 11

Make sense of the complexity of people and culture

Question 12

Can you fill in the figure of Visser, Stappers &Lugt; the different levels of knowledge
about experience accessible by different techniques?

Answer 12

What people: Technigues Knowledge
Say think Interview explicit
do use Oberservation observable
Know feel dream Gererative session tacit
latent

Question 13

What is the aim of design-orientated research activities? (more answers possible, and also additional information to the primary aim)

Answer 13

Not merely an academic understanding of people and culture that is sought,also understand a personʼs activities and product or service use within the context of their social and cultural world

Question 14

Weber’s map runs from articulate to unarticulate. Name the 3 types of research that are
mentioned on that axis and mention of each a pro and a con.

Answer 14

• Ask
• Co-Create
• Observe

Question 15

What are the benefits of co-design?

Answer 15

• More effective designs that are better suited to the end-users need.
• Creates a sense of ownership of the solution,
• Increasing the potential for adoption of the resulting solution.

Question 16

What is the difference between co-creation and collaboration?

Answer 16

It is a special case of collaboration where the intent is to create something that is not known in advance.
The concept of co- design is directly related to co-creation. By co-design we refer to collective creativity as it is applied across the whole span of a design process.

Question 17

What is the difference between co-creation and co-design?

Answer 17

Co-Design approaches are to an extent demand driven

Question 18

Name the types of co-design there are mentioned in the article, that run throughout the
design process:

Answer 18

• Within communities
• Inside companies and organizations
• Between companies and their business partners
• Between companies and the people they serve (customers, consumers, users/end-users etc.)

Question 19

What are the 5 ‘drivers’ of environmental sustainability design practice in business according to White and Stewart

Answer 19

• More regulation
• Global product recalls
• Innovation by competitors and in supplychains
• Demand for producttransparency
• Product boycotts and media campaign

Question 20

Name the 4 types of facets to design’s role in achieving environmental sustainability
mentioned in the article:

Answer 20

• Eco-design: materials efficiency, environmentally-preferred materials, efficiency in use, design for disassembly/recycling, durability/longevity
• Design for purpose: matching user needs, designing the right (and subsequently less) “stuff”
• Design for behaviour: design that influences user behaviour for more sustainable use
• Systems design: whole system thinking, designing within context, product service systems, design of organisations

Question 21

Grant’s adds one other facet to the list of design role facets.

a. What is the name of this addition, developed by Manzini and Campbell?
b. What is this facet like? What does it aspire to?

Answer 21

a. Resourcefulness

b. Inclusion of users in the process of design, can potentially contribute to achieving sustainability goals.

Question 22

Which percentage of a product’s economical and ecological life-cycle costs is estimated
to be inevitable by the time the design of a product is completed?

Answer 22

80–90 percent

Question 23

What facets does the concept of eco-design include?

Answer 23

• Material efficiency
• Environmentally-preferred materials
• Efficiency in use
• Disposal recycling

Question 24

The most sustainable product is the one not produced”. What does this mean?

Answer 24

Producing product will always has its effect on the environment

Question 25

What is Design for Purpose about?

Answer 25

Matching productive activity to user needs and perceived value is a useful strategy for reducing muda

Question 26

What is Design for Behaviour about?

Answer 26

How user behaviour can be influenced through product and service features designed to curb unsustainable practices

Question 27

What is meant by rebound effect?

Answer 27

These negative environmental, economic or social impacts are sometimes caused by unintended user behaviour

Question 28

Which elements of behaviour form the most challenging and complex to influence?

Answer 28

Routine and habits

Question 29

Name the 3 aspects that, according to Martiskainen (2008), requires consideration for changing people’s behaviour.

Answer 29

Internal external & habitual

Question 30

What are the 4 initial factors that need to be addressed for achieving “sustained, voluntary adaptation of a behaviour or product”? (the 7 doors model for designing & evaluating behaviour change programs by Robinson (2004))

Answer 30

* Pre-disposing factors: which lead to a person to consider change * Enabling factors: which remove barriers to or actively support change * Triggering factors: which prompt the person to attempt behaviour change * Satisfying factors: which reward the changed behaviour and contribute to ongoing adoption

Question 31

Name the 3 primary methodologies to encourage behaviour change according to Lilley, Lofthouse and Bhamra. Describe examples for these 3 for a bonus point.

Answer 31

• Scripts and Behaviour Steering: products or systems that contain ʻscriptsʼ or prescriptions for use to encode the designers use intention • Eco-Feedback: those that inform users of their impact in an attempt to persuade them to modify their behaviour • ʻIntelligentʼ Products and Systems: those that circumvent rebound effects by ceding decision making to an ʻintelligentʼ product which mitigates controls or blocks inappropriate user behaviour

Question 32

Name 5 of the 8 lenses from Lockton’s “design with intent” framework (2010).

Answer 32

``` Security Machiavellian Cognitive Perceptual Ludic Interaction Errorproofing Architectural ```

Question 33

What does the term ‘systems design’ mean and can you give an example?

Answer 33

Rather than simply ʻbalancingʼ or ʻtrading offʼ different sustainability objectives, they propose an integrative design approach “at every level, from technical devices to production systems to companies to economic sectors to entire cities and societies,"

Question 34

What does the abbreviation PSS stand for?

Answer 34

Product Service Systems (PSS)

Question 35

Explain the difference between ‘product-based wellbeing’ and ‘access-based wellbeing and explain what this changes for a product’s environmental impact?

Answer 35

Ownership vs the access to the experience of service of the good

Question 36

What makes Design Thinking interesting for PSS?

Answer 36

Design thinking sees the relationship between the firm, the customer and the object as the locus of value-creation, where “value is co-created in practice.” (Kimbell 2009, p. 7) This suggests that design thinking – especially as manifested in the emerging area of service design – can play a positive role in the identification of opportunities for, and design of, PSSs.

Question 37

What are the 3 main forms of PSS and explain them, or give an example of each form.

Answer 37

Product-oriented services: services are added to existing systems Use-oriented services: intensified product use through pooling or sharing Result-oriented services: where the utility of products are provided through a service, rather than ownership, model.

Question 38

Explain the concept of enabling solutions.

Answer 38

To create enabling solutions, he suggests that designers need to change their ideas about the userʼs role in design, moving from considering them as a passive recipient to active participant in developing solutions, in part “because he/she is best acquainted with the specific problems to be solved.

Question 39

Give your own critical opinion about the concept of enabling solutions.

Answer 39

A lot of costumers want problems to be solved without having to put to muuch energy into it.

Question 40

For the MDM matrix, what do the ‘level’s in the upper row and the left column relate to of what kind of process are they part? The upper row - The left column -

Answer 40

Left collum Row Social system Reflection Socio technival Analysis Product service Synthesis Product technology Experiance

Question 41

Of the MDM model, replace the words mentioned in the upper row by (almost) equivalents from Ullman’s jargon (BONUS)

Answer 41

``` Row Reflection Discovery Analysis Definition Synthesis Consept Experiance Development ```

Question 42

What is the use / benefit of using the MDM-model / matrix for product development?

Answer 42

To support the widening role of the designer, there is a need for a design supportive model that can provide insight into the development of one new physical artefact or a new productservice system, as well as in developments that occur in society as a whole