Swine Neonatal Disease Flashcards by Preeti Gulve

65% of piglets lost before weaning are lost

within the first _____ days

4 days

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Someone should be present at farrowing to

give _______, because sow’s milk is deficient in this.

Iron

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At birth, piglets should have these clipped

to avoid injury to the sow, which would increase

her risk of mastitis

needle teeth

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The weight of the piglet at birth is

an indicator of _______

survivability

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The sow stays in the farrowing crate for

______ weeks, until the babies are weaned.

She will come back into estrus

______ after weaning, which means you can get

2.5 litters/sow/year!

The sow stays in the farrowing crate for

3 - 4 weeks, until the babies are weaned.

She will come back into estrus

7 to 10 days after weaning, which means you can get

2.5 litters/sow/year!

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These 3 things should be done

to piglets within the first 3 days of birth

Ear notching (ID the first or last born)

Tail-docking (prevent tail biting and ascending meningitis/polyarthritis)

Castration (sour meat taste if intact when slaughtered)

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There are 2 requirements for baby pigs. What are they?

A steady flow of milk from the sow

A warm, dry environment (90F or higher!)

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Baby piglets need to be in a warm, dry environment, at a

temperature of 90F or higher.

This is too hot for the sow, which need to be in her farrowing crate

at this temperature.

Sow in temp of 70 - 80F

Piglets can be comfortable at 90F if floors are heated, or if*
there are supplemental heating lamps for them*

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Below _____ days of age, piglets cannot maintain

blood glucose, which is why they need a steady stream of milk

Below 10 days old

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Piglets are prone to hypoglycemia.

Within ___ hours, 75% of liver glycogen is depleted

Within _______ hours, ALL liver glycogen is depleted

Within 12 hours, 75% liver glycogen depleted

Within 18 - 24 hours, all liver glycogen is depleted

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Hypothermic pigs will try to increase their metabolic rate to compensate,

or shiver (which uses up ______) and huddle together.

This is why hypoglycemia and hypothermia often occur together

glycogen

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Hypothermic piglets = slow motility of the GIT

which causes changes in their _______

GI Flora

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In piglets, profound hypoglycemia may cause convulsions.

Convulsions occur with glucose levels less than _______.

Coma occurs with glucose levels less than _________.

Convulsions: Glucose less than 50 mg/dL

Coma: Glucose less than 40 mg/dL

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What is the treatment for hypoglycemic piglets?

Intraperitoneal glucose

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To treat hypoglycemic piglets,

a warm solution of glucose is given via this route

Intraperitoneal

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To treat hypoglycemic piglets,

a warm solution of glucose is given intraperitoneal

at _______ grams/kg.

Do NOT give a concentration greater than ____%

1 - 2 grams/kg

No greater than 20% glucose solution!

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How is hypothermia and subsequently hypoglycemia

in piglets prevented?

Keep environment between 90F - 95F

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_______ is the most common problem

in neonatal piglets

diarrhea

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What are the 5 most common infectious agents

responsible for neonatal diarrhea in piglets?

Rotavirus

E.coli

TGE

C. perfringens

Isospora suis (coccidiosis)

Multiple infections are very common!!!

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TGE (transmissible gastroenteritis)

is more common in neonates that are ________

stressed

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Coccidiosis due to Isospora suis

occurs early in the neonatal period,

and can show up as early as _______ days after birth

6 - 8 days

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What protective mechanisms are in piglets

that prevent neonatal diarrhea?

Only when all mechanisms fail do you see diarrhea

Acidity of the stomach

Non-pathogenic bacteria

Ingested immunoglobulins

Ability of the SI to replace lost epithelium

Ability of the colon to absorb excess fluid

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How do non-pathogenic bacteria help

prevent diarrhea in neonatal pigs?

By competing for attachment sites to block

colonization of pathogens, and by stimulating local

immune responses

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What is responsible for stimulating local immune

responses in the gut prior to 5 - 10 days after birth

when IgA and IgM (from ingested colostrum)

take over?

Non-pathogenic bacteria

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In regards to non-pathogenic bacteria (NPB) and prevention of neonatal diarrhea: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the NPB found in the stomach

*Lactobacillus*

In regards to non-pathogenic bacteria (NPB) and prevention of neonatal diarrhea: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the NPB found in the Small Intestine

*Streptococci*

In regards to non-pathogenic bacteria (NPB) and prevention of neonatal diarrhea: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ________ are the NPB found in the **colon**

*E. coli* and *Clostridium*

What 3 immunoglobulins are passed down to piglets through colostrum?

IgA, IgM, IgG * Piglets need to suckle immediately after birth* * because the stomach closes within a few hours*

The quality and quantity of colostrum affects immune status of piglets. Low quality colostrum and subsequently, immunodeficient piglets are more commonly seen in \_\_\_\_\_\_, because they have not been exposed to as many things.

gilts

Viral enteritis (TGE and Rotavirus) is spread in the _____ by rodents, cats, dogs, and birds.

winter

Describe the pathogenesis of Viral Enteritis (TGE and Rotavirus)

Virus replicates in enterocytes→destroys the cells→intestinal lesions. Damaged epithelium contracts→ less surface area for nutrient absorption (villous atrophy). Lactose→converted to lactic acid→negative osmotic effect. **Fluid drawn into gut→cannot be absorbed due to damaged epithelium→ DIARRHEA**

In regards to *E.coli* as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets: E. coli attaches to the villous epithelium by \_\_\_\_\_\_

pili

In regards to E.coli as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets: E.coli colonizes to produced heat labile or heat stabile \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

enterotoxins

In regards to E.coli as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets: Enterotoxins stimulate the mucosal epithelium to secrete excess ________ fluid, resulting in diarrhea

alkaline

In regards to **E.coli** as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets: \_\_\_\_\_\_ is the major enterotoxin that causes issues from weaning to post-weaning

K-88

In regards to E.coli as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets: What are the **3 major enterotoxin types** produced by *E. coli* which stimulate the mucosa to produce excess alkaline fluid resulting in diarrhea?

K88 K99 987P

In regards to E.coli as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets: This toxin may be produced in addition to enterotoxins and produce lesions of the gut, resulting in **Edema Disease**

Cytotoxin (Shiga-Like Toxin) = Edema disease

In regards to ***Isospora suis (Coccidiosis)*** as a cause of neonatal diarrhea in piglets: *Isospora suis* replicates in the basement membrane of enterocytes and is rapidly colonized by bacteria, resulting in a \_\_\_\_\_\_ membrane

**fibrino-necrotic** membrane

This causative agent of neonatal diarrhea in piglets attaches to the surface of **small intestine** and produces **necrotizing lesions** which leads to *blood in the feces*

*Clostridium perfringens Type C*

What is the toxin associated with *Clostridium perfringens Type C* that causes necrotizing lesions in the SI and subsequently hemorrhagic diarrhea?

necrotizing BETA-toxin

Over \_\_\_\_\_% of piglets may die from some type of diarrhea before weaning

10%

*E. coli* is responsible for \_\_\_\_\_% of diarrha associated piglet deaths before weaning

80 - 90%

Piglets **less than 3 days old** are experiencing bloody diarrhea. What is your primary ddx?

*C. perfringens TYPE C*

You are called out to a farm in December for piglet losses occurring across several litters in a piggery. The piglets affected are less than **3 weeks old** and are *vomiting undigested milk* as well as having very *watery diarrhea.* What is your primary ddx?

TGE

**1 week old** piglets present with *bloody diarrhea* and some have died. Necropsy on a dead piglet revelas a *fibrino-necrotic membrane* in the GIT. When gathering history from the owner, you realize the sows were *not dewormed* prior to entering the farrowing crate. **What is your primary ddx?**

*Isospora suis* (Coccidiosis)

Several piglets a **few days old** are dehydrated, failing to nurse, and dying as a result. They are suffering from **yellow watery/pasty diarrhea** and have wet, *straight tails.* Some even have *discoloration of their perineal area*. **What is your primary ddx?**

*E. coli*

T/F: Survivors of *E.coli* diarrhea as a neonate may be chronically affected

TRUE

Piglets less than 3 days old are experiencing bloody diarrhea which you have attributed to *C. perfringens* Type C. How do you treat these piglets?

Give C. Perfringens ANTITOXIN and treat for dehydration and electrolyte imbalance caused by the diarrhea

In general, how do you treat neonates with diarrhea?

Fluids and electrolytes + glucose ORALLY Antibiotics (to prevent secondary bacT infections) Warm and dry environment above 90F

Which 2 antibiotics are used to treat neonates with diarrhea?

Lincomicin Spectinomicin

In regards to components of colostrum: This immunoglobulin comprises 30% and protects internal surgaces from bacterial invaders

IgA

In regards to components of colostrum: This immunoglobulin comprises 10% and triggers immune response; the volume determines whether pathogens cause disease or not

IgM

In regards to components of colostrum: This immunoglobulin comprises 60% and serves as a secondary line of defense as well as providing whole body protection from septicemia

IgG

What is the most prevalent immunoglobulin found in colostrum?

IgG (60%) *IgG \> IgA \> IgM*

Piglets require \_\_\_mL of colostrum within the first **5 to 7 hours of life**

**40 mL** of colostrum

Piglets need _______ grams of milk within the first **24 hours** of life

250 grams of milk

Immunoglobulins ingested in colostrum in the first few hours of life begin to decline rapidly after the **first week**, and fall below protective levels by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

fall below protective levels by **week 3** *Piglets need to develop their own immunity after the first week of life*

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the most common causative agent of neonatal polyarthritis in suckling piglets

*Streptococcus*

neonatal polyarthritis is most common in piglets in this age range

neonatal polyarthritis: **1 - 3 weeks old**

This causative agent of neonatal polyarthritis is most common in **suckling pigs**. **Aerosol and Vaginal** contamination are the main routes of infection by this agent.

*Streptococcus **equisimilis***

This causative agent of neonatal polyarthritis is most common in **weaned pigs** (4 - 8 weeks old) and can cause *meningitis* as well as polyarthritis. **Aerosol** transmission is the most common route of infection of this agent.

*Streptococcus suis* Type 2

Since the incidence of neonatal polyarthritis is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, prevention is difficult

sporadic

What is the best way to prevent neonatal polyarthritis despite the sporadic occurrence?

Good management! Prophylactic antibiotics (neonates) Autogenous vaccine (sows if organism known) Good ventilation (prevent aerosol transmission) Alternatives to gestation crates

What is the prophylactic vaccine protocol for prevention of neonatal polyarthritis?

Oxytetracycline IM in the neck at birth and at 1 week old

Swine Neonatal Disease Flashcards

(65 cards)