Synaptic Trans SDL1

Question 1

Where synaptic vesicles aggregate before release

Answer 1

presynaptic density, active site

Question 2

Where receptor aggregate

Answer 2

postsynaptic density

Question 3

electrical junctions

Answer 3

gap junctions, bidirectional, fast

Question 4

chemical transmission

Answer 4

chemical synapse, unidirectional, slow, better controlled

Question 5

Criteria for NT

Answer 5

localization, release, mimicry, inactivation

Question 6

Tyrosine Derivatives?

Answer 6

Epinephrine, Dopamine, Norepinephrine

Question 7

NT synthesis and packaging

Answer 7

step- by-step from readily available precursors

Question 8

Enzymatic Control of Synthesis

Answer 8

enzyme molecule concentration, rate limiting step, phosphorylation, specificity

Question 9

where are peptide neurotransmitters made?

Answer 9

soma –> nerve terminal

Question 10

where are small molecules made?

Answer 10

ACh, Epi made in nerve terminal

Question 11

What do autoreceptors do?

Answer 11

bind NT and modulate release of transmitter

Question 12

AP sequence?

Answer 12

Depolarization –> Ca2+ influx at terminal –> exocytosis of vesicle

Question 13

Binding of NT to postsynaptic receptor (3)

Answer 13

• single transmitter can bind multiple times
• usually reversible
• effect is concentration dependent

Question 14

High concentration of NT may cause…

Answer 14

binding to specific and non-specific receptors –> undesirable side effects if non-specific activate

Question 15

Termination of NT action (4)

Answer 15

• extracellular degradation enzymes
• specific reuptake proteins
• diffusion of NT away
• internalization of ligand-receptor complex

Question 16

What are the two classes of postsynaptic receptors?

Answer 16

ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 17

What is an ionotropic receptor?

Answer 17

ligand-gated, fast ex: ACh nicotinic

Question 18

What is a metabotropic receptor?

Answer 18

G-protein coupled, slow ex: ACh muscarinic receptor

Question 19

Characteristics of Ionotropic

Answer 19

fast onset, short duration, direct effect on channel, no second messenger or amplification

Question 20

Characteristics of Metabotropic

Answer 20

slow onset, long duration, no ion channel, no direct effect on channel, second messenger and amplification

Question 21

What determines excitation or inhibition?

Answer 21

receptor

Question 22

Excitation

Answer 22

Depolarization, excitatory

Question 23

Inhibition

Answer 23

Hyperpolarization, Inhibitory

Question 24

Pre-synaptic inhibition

Answer 24

axo-axonic synapses

Question 25

too much excitation

Answer 25

epilepsey

Question 26

too much inhibition

Answer 26

anesthesia, coma

Question 27

4 types of NT

Answer 27

amines, amino acids, neuropeptides, gases

Question 28

Unique about Peptides

Answer 28

- synthesis directed by mRNA - exist as inactive precursor - made in cell body-->terminal - cut into small pieces--> active

Question 29

Amines

Answer 29

Serotonin, Histamine, ACh, Dopamine, Epi, NE | SHADE N

Question 30

Amino Acids

Answer 30

Glutamate, GABA, Glycine

Question 31

Types of GABA

Answer 31

GABAa: ionotropic GABAb: Metabotropic

Question 32

Neuropeptides

Answer 32

opioids, CCK, Oxytocin, Vasopressin

Question 33

Gases

Answer 33

NO, CO

Question 34

Opioid peptides

Answer 34

Beta-endorphin, enkephalin, dynorphin

Question 35

Catecholamines

Answer 35

- dopamine, nor, epi - tyrosine derivatives - catechol nucleus - tyrosine hydroxylase is rate limiting

Question 36

Catecholamines and Cold medicine

Answer 36

mimic activation of sympathetic nervous system, reverse low BP

Question 37

Serotonin

Answer 37

- Tyrptophan precursor - Zoloft, SSRI - allow serotonin to be active longer

Question 38

Histamine

Answer 38

- histidine precursor | - cold medicines

Question 39

ACh

Answer 39

- choline precursor - RL: uptake of choline - biosyn enzyme: CAT - muscarinic: metabotropic - degradative: AChE

Question 40

Glutamate

Answer 40

- glutamine precursor - after, taken up by axon terminals - ionotropic: NMDA, non-NMDA - metabotropic: IP3, DAG

Question 41

What is glutamate considered as?

Answer 41

excitatory NT, too much release in stroke can lead to excitotoxicity

Question 42

GABA

Answer 42

- glutamate precursor - iono: GABAa, Ca2+ influx - metab: GABAb, K+ efflux

Question 43

Glycine

Answer 43

considered inhibitory

Question 44

NO

Answer 44

gas, retrograde messenger, smooth muscle dilation

Question 45

α-bungarotoxin

Answer 45

- snake venom | - blocks binding of ACh to nicotinic receptor in NM junction

Question 46

Benzodiazepine

Answer 46

tranqulizer, increases frequency of GABAa Cl- opening

Question 47

Zoloft

Answer 47

SSRI, block re-uptake

Question 48

Botox

Answer 48

prevents release of ACh from nerve terminal

Question 49

Organophosphates

Answer 49

irreversibly inactivates acetylcholinesterase

Question 50

atropine

Answer 50

muscarnic receptor blocker, block postganglionic PS

Question 51

Baclofen

Answer 51

- GABAb agonist | - epilepsy

Question 52

Barbituate

Answer 52

sedative, increase duration of GABAa Cl- opening

Question 53

Cocaine

Answer 53

blocks monoamine re-uptake at synapse, prolong NT

Question 54

Curare

Answer 54

- plant toxin | - blocks binding ACh to nicotinic on skeletal muscle

Question 55

Morphine

Answer 55

mimics opioid peptide binding

Question 56

Neostigmine

Answer 56

- inhibit acetylcholinesterase, prolong ACh | - treats MS

Question 57

PCP

Answer 57

NMDA glutamate receptor blocker

Question 58

Strychnine

Answer 58

- glycine receptor blocker | - rat poison

Question 59

tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 59

blocks monoamine reuptake